Different Kinds Of Polymers And Polymers

A monomer is a compound that can react with at least two other monomers and form polymers (Monomer). Polymers are very large molecules that are made up of repeating monomers. Polymers can be formed into linear and nonlinear structures. Most polymers consist of two or more different types of monomers (Polymer).

Lactic acid fermentation: Plant and fungal cells produce alcohol as a result of fermentation and animal cells produce lactic acid

The experimental part of the lab consists of setting up the materials needed. A sample of E.coli and a solution of calcium chloride are first obtained and placed in different test tubes. 630µL of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) are then removed from the test tube and inserted into the test tube containing E.coli cells (Alberte et al., 2012). The newly formed substance of Calcium Chloride and E.coli is then mixed and incubated in ice for 10 minutes, making the cells more competent. Two test tubes are obtained and labeled; the first test tube is labeled with pUC18 and the second one with “Lux” to represent the plasmids being used. These two test tubes are then incubated in ice. 3µl of the set plasmid are added to each of the two test tubes. The test tubes are tapped to guarantee the cells are well

The purpose of this study was to see whether E. Coli cells would engage in the pGLO plasmid and glow in the presence of four control environmental factors which are arabinose sugar, bacteria, the antibiotic ampicillin, LB nutrient broth and pGLO plasmid DNA. This was tested using four plates, all the plates had E. Coli cells and different environmental factors. The founding was that E. Coli will only fluoresce when bacteria, pGLO plasmid DNA, the antibiotic ampicillin, and LB nutrient broth are present. The result did not support the hypothesis because it stated that, E. coli cells that are exposed to the pGLO plasmid would engage in the plasmid and glow only if the arabinose sugar is present.

Plasmid map of pRSETB. Primers were designed to amplify via PCR to cDNA. The PCR product was digested with XhoI and EcoRI enzymes and ligated into the pRSETB plasmid. The pRSETB plasmid contains a T7 promoter region, is ampicillin resistant, inducible with Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside IPTG, a molecular mimic of a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and has XhoI and EcoRI cut sites. The pRSETB plasmid is transformed into dH5α E. coli and plated on carbenicillin plates. Colonies are selected and grown on a carbenicillin plate while PCR is used to check that the plasmid that was up-taken was not

PET(Polyethylene Terephthalate) vs PLA(Polylactide), which one is better or worse than the other? Both of these polymer is used in the world today. PET is perhaps the more famous one because of its cheap prices and many uses. 30 % of the global demand for PET happens to be plastic bottles. PLA the other type of polymer is just now gaining momentum being used as a bottle in the market today. It is derived from renewable resources (corn) that we can regrow a lot easier than the polymer that we harvest from trees. In my opinion I think there are a few more pros for PET then there are for PLA.

In the case of this lab, the bacteria we use has an inducible operon system in which the protein needed to make the repressor inactive (and turn on protein synthesis) is arabinose. After arabinose makes the repressor inactive, the system can synthesize pGLO protein. Before we added the plasmid to the bacteria, the system normally would have synthesized the enzymes needed to break down arabinose. In terms of pGLO synthesis, it is your normal protein synthesis process. It all starts with RNA polymerase transcribing DNA into a single strand of RNA. RNA Polymerase reads the DNA from 3’ to 5’ end and then lays down RNA nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ end. From there, splicesosomes cut out the introns (noncoding segments in mRNA) and splice together the exons (coding segments in mRNA). After that, the G cap and Poly A Tail are put on to protect the mRNA from getting altered by the enzymes outside of the nucleus. Once RNA processing is finished, the mRNA travels to the Ribosome to get translated into amino acids. Synthetase ha been creating the peptide bonds that attach an amino acid to a tRNA. Once the tRNA is carrying an amino acid, it can enter the accepter chamber of the

In preparing for the bacterial transformation, DNA plasmid is introduced into the E. coli cells that will express newly acquired genes. Two tubes were used and labeled both as +pGLO and -pGLO. A solution of (CaCl2) was transferred 250 µl onto the two tubes. The tubes were placed on the ice. A sterile loop was then used to gather a single colony of bacteria from a starter plate. Now, that both tubes contain bacteria they were placed on the ice for 10 minutes. Four agar plates were labeled as: +pGLO LB/amp, +pGLO LB/amp/ara, +pGLO LB, -PGLO LB/amp. Heat shock was used to transfer both the +pGLO and -pGLO, at exactly 42°C. Time was observed for 50 seconds and quickly return the tubes to the ice for another 2 minutes. As the tubes, cold down they

Coli. To be able to activate the GFP gene the presence of the sugar arabinose is required. In order to make the E. Coli grow, the presence of ampicillin, an antibiotic, and pGLO is present, however, if ampicillin is present without pGLO it will stop the growth of the E. Coli because the pGLO would not be present to stop the antibiotic. In the experiment E. Coli was tested with the different proteins and plasmids, testing if the plate would glow or grow. If the E. Coli was tested with ampicillin, pGLO, and arabinose the plate would both glow and grow because of the proteins present, however, if the E. Coli was tested with ampicillin and pGLO the plate would neither glow or grow because the proteins were not

However, the cost to produce PHB is very high. In the 1980’s a new and cost effective way to produce PHB was created. This was done by cloned Alcaligenes Eutrophus organisms that contained PHB genes were transferred into E. Coli, which is a type of bacterium that is able to be produced quickly and reduced the cost of production.

In this experiment the objective was to transform E. coli with the pGLO plasmid and calculate the transformation efficiency. The hypotheses were that the plate with only LB agar and untransformed E. coli would grow a lawn; the control plate of untransformed bacteria with LB and ampicillin would experience no growth; the transformed plate with just LB and ampicillin would grow colonies of bacteria but it would not glow green under UV light; and the transformed plate with LB, ampicillin and arabinose would grow colonies that would glow green under UV light. The results found supported each of these hypotheses as the bacteria grew as predicted. The

The polymer that I choose is polyethylene glycol (PEG). Polyethylene glycol is produced because of the interaction with ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers. Some cons of using polyethylene glycol are hypersensitivity, unexpected change in pharmacokinetic behavior, and toxic side products. PEG is also a laxative that can also be used to prepare the bowels before surgery. PEG is also used to slow the clearing of protein from the blood. This makes medicine last longer in the body. Polyethylene glycol has also been used to help the healing of the spine inn dogs and PEG can also help with nerve damage. PEG is most commonly used with the skin because it has maintains it shape well, it is also pliable so doctors can put it in place before setting it with a green LED light.

Surface erosion is a hydrolytic degradation of a polymer, where the surface breaks down, leaving the bulk undegraded. This maintains the structural integrity of the polymer and helps to keep the degradation rate constant, and therefore a constant drug release. PLGA is also biodegradable, meaning the body will naturally decompose the device over time. This is useful because no second procedure is needed to retrieve the device once the drug is fully released. In fact, biodegradability is being used so that as the device degrades, the drug is being released. Other options were PLA and PGA, where PLA degrades very slowly and PGA degrades relatively quick. PLGA (PGA and PLA copolymer) was chosen instead because the degradation rate can be easily adjusted by modifying the respective PLA and PGA levels in the copolymer, affecting the

A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller subunits known as monomers. There are different types of polymers and many uses for all of them. Even though people may not realize it polymers play an essential role in our everyday life. For polymers range from plastics, PVC, and Styrofoam to key structures in the human body like DNA and proteins which are key components to the human body that makes it possible for each of us to live and be unique. So with out polymers in our body we would be dead, and with out them in our society it would be a drastically changed for the worse to say the least

Lactococcus lactis is a Gram positive bacterium commonly used to produce buttermilk and cheese. In most cases they are known to produce Lactic acid. Traditionally regarded as a GRAS microbe, and with its ability to produce lactic acid, it is one of the most important organisms used in the dairy industry, used extensively in the early stages of production of several kinds of cheeses(Siezen, Bayjanov et al. 2010). A good understanding of the genetic and enzymatic information of the cycles that drive the production of lactic acid in these microbes is essential for the dairy industry.