Different Methods For Harmonic Distortion

Fig. 9(a) shows the DC-link voltage across the DC-link capacitor of the PV array. The DC-link reference voltage corresponds to maximum power point of the PV array. Fig. 9(b) shows the power demand by the load, and power flows from the grid and PV system generated power. As the PV system generated power could not meet complete power demand of load, remainining power is supplied by the grid. At 1secocond the PV system switched from partially shaded condition to uniform solar insolation. Thus, at this point power supplied by the inverter and grid also varies. Fig. 10(a) shows the grid current which is fully sinusoidal. Fig. 10(b) shows the inverter output current. Fig. 11 shows the performance of system under reactive load condition. In this study, a 500VA reactive load is considered. The figure shows the complete reactive power is supplied by the inverter. Thus the power factor of the system is maintained nearly at

Renewable energy has currently become a significant aspect in the countries generation, combination, and a constitution focus of government policy for energy, and environmental protection. As a result of public’s growing responsibility for the environment and constantly binding rules, and regulations of emission in the electric power industry, government has facilitated policies to boost the amount of renewable energy in the electricity generation portfolio. Additionally, the generation of electricity from renewable resources creates insufficient, and frequently, zero emissions of pollutants that comes from traditional fossil fuel production technologies. The additional use of renewable energy aids utilities in their emission agreement obligations. Furthermore, the anticipation of agreement with any future carbon emissions management would further toughen the incentive to move towards cleaner electricity creating technologies (Langwith, 2009).

will lead to an allowance for a higher volume of customers in both areas which increases our

The energy industry has seen some changes by way of deregulation in the supply of energy for both businesses and residential. Giving the power to owners to choose who supplies them electric and natural gas and at what rate they want it supplied because of the competition from suppliers, some supplier offering rate as low as $0.0619 per KWH. These new regulations policy has initiated changes in the mode of operation of American electric power (AEP) with the supply of energy.

To be specific, the AB stated even if the demand side factors suggested that the definition of the market should be a single electricity market, regardless of its sources, the supply side elements also implied that the renewable energy market created by the government should be the market benchmark which should be distinguished from the regular energy market. As stated above, it is clear that the theories of ‘supply side’ and ‘demand side’ were in the equal position. Therefore, there was not enough evidence for the AB to abandon the theory of ‘demand side’. As these two theories were in the equal position, the consumers’ views should be worth referring to. To be specific, the Panel found that the consumers do not distinguish electricity on the basis of generation technologies, prices and usage. Furthermore, the AB also expressed the same opinion, saying electricity is identical and there is high demand substitutability between electricity through various technologies. Obviously, the consumers did not care about the electricity generation sources.

For the purpose of this discussion, the specifics of the electrical energy system in the United States are not important, rather an introduction to the basic elements of the system, who they serve, how they relate the larger whole and how they are regulated will suffice. On a most basic level the electrical grid, or system, in the United States is comprised of three basic components; the generation of electrical energy, transmission of this energy, and the distribution of this energy to end consumers.

Commissioner Pai has claimed that these rules bring higher prices and more hidden fess to pay for consumers. If one sees their phone bill and found any Universal Service Fee, then it is one form of tax, which will be paid by consumers to their carrier providers.

In Europe, around 300,000 houses are not interconnected to the main electricity grid (Lymberopoulos & Zoulias, 2008). These houses are located in remote areas such as islands and mountains. Currently, fossil fuel based generators do the electrification of these households. These generators are sometimes supplemented with renewable energy based systems (e.g. PV solar panels or wind turbines). The fossil fuel based generators face problems with onsite fuel availability, noise and local emissions. The renewable energy systems, on the other hand, face problems with the intermittency of the natural source, such as wind or sun. The disadvantages of both systems could be potentially overcome with the introduction of the artificial leaf technology

Also, some savings are achieved by using more efficient cooling technology to reduce grid purchases. The retrofit therefore reduces the total energy purchased from the grid, but it also modifies the hourly electrical demand profile. Both pieces of information are required to compute the savings, because it is assumed that the grid pricing is demand-sensitive, such that the price per kWh each month is a function of the load factor for that month. Load factor is defined on a monthly basis as the ratio of the average power consumption for the month divided by the peak hourly power consumption. The load factor measures the consistency of the demand over time, with high load factors indicating a more consistent demand that is less costly for the utility to provide. The monthly per kWh grid price is therefore inversely related to load factor.

The Herald states, "the survey found that consumers believe they're getting better value for money from their banking, insurance, mobile phone and internet service providers than from their electricity supplier. It also found that consumers are finding the barriers to switching providers too high, and that they feel there are no real alternatives" (Hatch, 2016). Private businesses aren't exempt from these complaint either, with the ACCC (Australian Competition & Consumer Commission) handling consumer issues in order to help ensure Australian markets stay fair for consumers but competitive for the economy (A.C. Commission, 2015).

Discussion Question 3.1 (This is an important question; make sure you understand that the factors of the external environment are also referred to as the demand shifters.)

Further it’s considered integrating high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology to transmit energy from the renewable energy production sites to cities. It provides the better HVDC system with efficient intercity links to allow for energy exchange as demand varies.

Energy, especially electricity, is vital in today’s economy however demand for electricity is currently so high that the available supply may not be sufficient over the next 25 years. Electricity lights our homes, powers our technology and is a fundamental factor in everybody’s day to day lives.

In recent years, there has been a rise in the demand of power (electricity). This is due to the development of cities, urban, sub-urban and rural areas and robust economic growth. The increased demand has exhausted the surplus power generation available, thus demand cannot be meet (Eskom).

Reactive power compensation can be in a form of series type. In a power line at rated frequency, series compensation technique uses capacitors to decrease the equivalent reactance. The series capacitor generates reactive power to balance a fraction of line’s transfer reactance and this type of capacitor arrangement results improvement in the power transmission network. It increases the angular stability of the power system, improves the voltage stability of the corridor and also optimizes power sharing between parallel circuits [5]. Series compensation can be also implemented by using voltage or current source devices as shown in Figure A: