Digest Reaction Lab Report

Digestion is a complicated process that uses many different processes to digest food efficiently. It is necessary for not only us but for almost every organism. A major part in digestion is pH or how acidic or basic a substance is. pH helps digestion happen, the question is for the Stentor and the Rotifers at what pH ranges does their digestion occur? We will test that by using pH indicators, and observing the digestion happen under the microscope.

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to understand the process of digestion. In addition, to investigate what chemicals and enzymes are needed for carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion.

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

In this lab we first created a scale to convert pixels to meters on the picture (71.03 pixels = 1 m). Using this scale we then determined the length from the top guy’s shoulders to feet (1.36m), the length of the right horizontal arm (.99m), and the length of the right horizontal arm (.94m). Next we took the inverse tangent of these terms to determine the angle made by the diagonal arms. (36.05° and 34.65°). We then took those terms to find the force felt by the diagonal arms, and their directions (79.16 kg @ 306.05° cartesian and 77.8 @ 235.35° cartesian). Next, using c^2 - a^2 = b^2 and those terms, we found the force felt by the horizontal arms - for their directions we used the cartesian grid (44.24 kg @ 180° cartesian and 46.59 kg @ 0°

Science Script Introduction; Everyday, we eat and drink, often taking it for granted. Most people disregard what happens within our body during digestion process, So, what really happens in our body when we digest? Scene 1; Mouth Digestion first begins in the mouth, using mechanical digestion. Incisors first bite into the food breaking the polymers into smaller monomers. As the food goes further into your mouth the food is then ground by your molars.

I will be using the following items, to test for the experiment for testing the impact of low pH levels on enzymes:

spectroscopy. Semen analysis was performed according to the Sigma-Aldrich Company guidelines. Нestrong and positive correlation was

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).

The objective of this lab experiment was to objectively examine the rate of catalase enzyme activity through the manipulation of concentration levels temperature, and pH levels, interpret what was observed and learned, and to explain what enzymes are and what they do through the use of the scientific method. February 5, 2015 Introduction An enzyme is a protein created by an organism that increases the rate at which chemical reactions occur. There are three different types of enzymes; digestive, metabolic, and food.

Enzymes are catalysts (help process speed) for biochemical reactions. Enzymes are there to speed up reactions by providing the reaction with an alternative reaction pathway of lower energy. Usually, like all catalysts, enzymes always take part in the reaction, as that is how the enzymes provide an alternative reaction pathway. The changes are temporary, so remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. Enzymes are very selective of which reaction can go through, as to catalyzing specific reactions only (M.J. Farabee, 2001).

The purpose of the experiment was to isolate plasmid DNA, followed by restriction digestion using restriction endonucleases and then visualizing the digested fragments after subjecting to gel electrophoresis. Plasmid DNA (pSP72 DNA) was isolated from Escherichia coli KAM32 (E.coli) cultures using the QIA prep miniprep kit and then subjected to restriction digestion by EcoRI and HindIII. The restriction digested DNA was then loaded into the wells of 0.7% agarose gel and subjected to electrophoresis. It can be concluded from our results that our plasmid DNA isolation was successful and the restriction digestion results were partially in agreement with our hypothesis.

Enzymes are catalytic proteins that accelerate the rate of biological reactions while experiencing no permanent chemical modification as a result of their participation in a reaction. In order to initiate a reaction from a reactant called a substrate to a product, a certain amount of energy, otherwise known as the activation energy, is required. An enzyme functions by lowering the required activation energy (which is usually provided by heat), thus, expediting the reaction. Many chemical reactions happen very slowly, without the help of enzymes some reactions could take up to 3 billion years to occur. Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by a factor up to 1017 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at

The primary function of the digestive system is to transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes from the food consume into the body’s internal environment. The ingested food is essential as an energy source, or fuel, from which the cells can generate ATP to carry out their particular energy-dependent activities such as contraction, transport, synthesis, secretion and even renewal of body tissues. Three primary categories of food ingested by humans which are carbohydrates, proteins and fats emerge as large molecules. These large molecules cannot cross plasma membranes intact to be absorbed from the lumen of the digestive tract into the blood or lymph; hence, it must undergo degradation in size (Sherwood, 2013). This

Enzymes are soluble protein molecules that are fundamental in the maintenance of biological functioning. Their primary purpose is to take on the form of a catalyst during chemical reactions in order to lower the activation energy levels required during the reaction and therefore, change the rate at which equilibrium occurs. Each enzyme is highly selective which means they will only act on specific substrates in particular reactions to convert them to products with different molecular structures.

Plasmid DNA with Restriction Digest: The purpose of restriction digest of plasmid DNA is to understand how each DNA plasmids was cut with the given restriction enzymes and perform gel electrophoresis to observe the samples. Nine restriction digests were created, containing three digests for each of the three plasmid DNAs identifying as recombinant, non-recombinant, and unknown. Out of the nine digests, six are actual digests and three are undigested controls. A master mix is created to add to each of the nine samples with its following stock ingredients: 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 1 ul of Nco1, X ul of sterile water (Single digest), 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 10 ul plasmid DNA, 1 ul Nco1, 1 ul of Not1, and X ul of sterile water (Double