Dimethyl Fumarate Research Paper

This essay explores and reflects on the lived experiences of an elderly patient living with the long-term condition (LTC) of psoriasis. A case study is used to illustrate some of the key features of LTCs and the impact they can have on a patient’s physical, psychological and social state. It is also going to be looking at the effect some of the key features can have on a patients support network or family. In addition it will examine the nurses role in the management of LTCs and the health and social policies that may have an impact on the care received by patient with LTCs.

The central nervous system (CNS) comprises grey matter, which contains neuron cell bodies and white matter, which contains the nerve axons. Most of the nerve axons are concentrically wrapped around by lipid-rich biological membrane, known as the myelin sheath. In the CNS, myelin is produced by oligodendrocyte. a type of glial cell. (Pfeiffer et al., 1993). These electrical insulating, multilamellar membranes significantly increase the electrical resistance, in which to prevent leakage of electrical currents from the axons, as well as decrease electrical capacitance to reduce the ability of the axons to store electrical energy (Shivane &

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive neurological disease affecting all aspects of life: physical, cognitive, emotional, and social (Abma). It is known as an autoimmune disease, Where the body’s immune system turns against the body and destroys the protective covering that surrounds nerve cells. This damage to the nerve cells causes many problems for the patient including weakness, muscle stiffness, poor coordination and balance, tingling, numbness, tremors, blurred vision, slurred speech, and memory and concentration problems (Bren)

Psoriasis: This is a common, chronic and recurring skin disorder that changes and alters the life cycle of skin cells. It causes cells to accumulate quickly on the skin surface. The extra cells from the skin forms a thick, itchy, silvery scale and a red patch. It can appear at any part of the body such as the knee, scalp, elbow etc. it is treated with drugs applied to the skin, ingested and with ultraviolet radiation. This disease has affected about 1%-5% of the world population and it is more common to the light skinned people. Psoriasis may persist throughout a person’s life as it comes and goes but it is usually reduced during the summer period when the skin is exposed to ultraviolent radiation and flare ups are common during

There is no cure for Multiple Sclerosis (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Most treatment is focused on improving quality of life by treating symptoms and slowing its progression. There are a few drugs to help slow progression, most of which are for relapsing-remitting MS (Mayo Clinic, 2017). In March of this year, the FDA approved the first drug for primary-progressive MS (FDA, 2017), called ocrelizumab, which slows the advancement of disability (Mayo Clinic, 2017). Ocrelizumab may cause infusion related reactions, such as hives, shortness of breath, fever, etc, and may lead to an upper respiratory tract infection (FDA, 2017). Acute relapses are treated with corticosteroids to reduce nerve inflammation, a traditional and approved method of treatment. (NIH, 2013). To treat symptoms, those with MS may go to physical therapy to help strengthen muscles and manage gait problems (Mayo Clinic, 2017). They may also use muscle relaxers to treat extremely painful

Which is a chronic skin disease that affects the joints. The patient will have thick white, silvery, and redden patches of skin. These patches are usually located on the elbows, knees, scalp, hands, and lower back. The doctor told me there is no cure for psoriasis, but there are treatments to control the psoriasis. The treatments are creams with steroids, which slow the rapid growth of cells in that effected area.

Most people don't eve know they have it because sometimes symptoms don’t show on people. That’s why scientists have started coming up with ideas to treat MS. “Just over 20 years ago, there was no approved therapy for MS and patients could be offered only off-label and symptomatic treatments” (Totaro et al. 647). An example would be corticosteroids, which is “A group of more than 40 organic compounds belonging to the steroid family and present in the cortex of the adrenal glands” (Multiple Sclerosis 1). Many clinical trials and data have found that Teriflunomide is, “The active metabolite of leflunomide, a drug with immunosuppressant an anti-inflammatory properties licensed for the use in rheumatoid arthritis” (Totaro et al. 648). This was proven to be effective in experimental models of mice with multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, creating a treatment for multiple sclerosis could be just the king of motivation scientists need. There are some many diseases out there that still need to be treated, by making this a huge checkmark could be added on the

The first written report of multiple sclerosis was in 1400, when Lydwina of Schieden was diagnosed. The disease was described clinically by Jean-Martin Charcot in 1877. He recognized that the disease affected the nervous system and tried remedies, with no success. In 1890, suppression of sweat was thought to be the cause of multiple sclerosis, treatment was electrical stimulation and bed rest. By 1910, multiple sclerosis was thought to be caused by toxins in blood. In the 1930s, poor circulation was yet again believed to cause multiple sclerosis. In the 1950s through the 1970s, multiple sclerosis was thought to be causes by allergies. It wasn’t until the 1980s when multiple sclerosis was finally understood and treatment was developed (Campanella and Zawada).

Jessica is a 25-year-old female who suffers from plaque psoriasis (L40.0). Her symptoms include red, itchy, thick plaques located on her arms and legs, with a 20% BSA. Jessica has tried and failed various treatments including Narrow band UVB, humira, betamethasone, derma-smooth, fluocinonide, clobetasol, hydrocortisone, and otezla, all provided her with little to no relief. Your denial states Jessica must try and fail methotrexate, however, systemic medications such as Methotrexate can cause serious problems with pregnancy and are not advised for patients; male or female, who could parent a child. Furthermore, she is not a candidate for treatment with Methotrexate due to the adverse side effects (which can be fatal) of these treatments. As

Inflammation is caused after the immune system activities and this causes/triggers some MS symptoms in patients. A few researchers suggest that medication intake can eventually slow down the progression and development of multiple sclerosis by control the immune system while other treatment methods aim specific cells found in the immune system and stop those particular cells from targeting the myelin sheath. But the drugs provided expose patients to infection by making their immune system weak and keeping them constantly at

As previously stated, Psoriasis is caused by a mistaken trigger in the Immune system. “Normally, T cells help protect the body against infection and disease.” (NIAMS, 2013) When the disorder triggers the immune system, it causes the T cells to activate and trigger other immune responses. This will develop the redness and scaling of the

The fact that symptoms flare-up and subside for many people with multiple sclerosis (MS), combined with the wide variety and unpredictability of symptoms, has made MS a difficult disease to recognize, define, and treat – right from the start. Since the late 1300s, individuals with a progressive illness suggestive of MS have been observed. It wasn’t until 1868 that the famous neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot, lectured on the features of MS and gave it a name. In a lecture in 1868, Charcot expanded on the work of his predecessors to describe the distinct characteristics of the condition he named sclerose en plaques. He described MS lesions in detail and reported on inflammation and the scarring of the nerves at these sites. He attributed symptoms

Brian is a 27-year-old male who suffers from plaque psoriasis (L40.0). His symptoms include red, itchy, flaking plaques located on his scalp, genitalia and legs with a BSA of 11%. Brain has tried and failed various treatments including triamcinolone and fluocinolone, both provided him with little to no relief. Brian is not a candidate for said biologics, because they can raise the risk of possibly fatal infections, Lymphoma, and other malignancies. I believe those risks of infection, malignancies are too high for Brian, in addition to both Humira, and Enbrel suppresses the immune system. Systemic medications are also too much of a risk for Brian because they have adverse side effects, which can also be extremely fatal and he is still of

Psoriasis is a potential inherited genetic defect in the immune system. It is an unpredictable skin disorder that is characterized by painful, itchy, patches of redden skin covered in white skin scales. It affects millions of people around the world and there isn’t a cure for it.

Psoriasis was copied from the Greek word psora, which means “to itch” (Jean, 2011). Psoriasis is a chronic, long lasting autoimmune skin disease that disturbs the speed of the growth cycle in skin cells (Stress-Related Disorder Sourcebook, 2016). Normal, healthy skin cells replace dead skin cells every twenty-eight to thirty days (Langley, 2005). Skin is the largest organ in the body. It protects from the environment, regulates body temperature, helps coordinate immune system regulation, function of touch sensations, waterproof, and prevents toxin substances from entering the body (Langley,2010). Psoriasis effects greater than three percent