Dinosaurs: An Undertogenetic Analysis

A dinosaur has an antorbital fenestra with an open hole hip socket. The definition differs from the term used informally because it helped understand how the dinosaur moved and how they were categorized as species. There are four general characteristics that dinosaurs have as a result of their synapomorphies which are permeated acetabulum, ball-shaped head on proximal femur, the Cnemial crest on the proximial tibia, and an ascending process on astragalus. These four dinosaur synapomorphies are related to vertical limb support.

Scientists are unsure what the exact purpose for the frills and facial horns is. Originally, they were thought to have been defensive weapons, but more recently it has been found that they were mostly used in identification14. Triceratops grew up to 8 or 9 metres long, 3 metres tall and between 13,000 and 16,000 lbs15. They were bird hipped (Ornithischian), possessed a sturdy build with strong limbs and had “hands” with three hooves, “feet” with four hooves16.

While the author of the article believes that Brachiosaurus were aquatic animals, the professor disagrees with this statement. The professor points out that in spite of the fact that some species of dinosaur would spend a great deal of time in water, there was no possible that Brachiosaurus were aquatic ones. To strengthen her point, the professor provides sufficient evidence respectively to the points made in the article.

From both the title of the chapter and the introduction by Dr. Shubin, this chapter begins with a focus on teeth. Because the function of teeth is to break down food before it enters the esophagus, the different shapes of teeth can represent many different things about the organism it belongs to including what type of eater it was (carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore). Teeth are the hardest tissue (not bone) in the human body and therefore fossilize well. As Dr. Shubin stated in chapter one, there must be many points that permit a fossil to make any kind of scientific conclusion. Obviously, the state of their presence is important, so the fact that teeth preserve well allows for them to be great specimens for analysis. Dr. Shubin and his team analyzed fossilized teeth in areas as different as Nova Scotia and the Arizona desert. Studying different fossils in these diverse regions allowed the team to see that mammalian and reptilian teeth are very different. For example, mammalian teeth differ from organism to organism to fit with the organisms need (Cheetahs that eat only meat will have different teeth than deer who are herbivores) and are replaced only once in the lifetime of the organism while reptilian teeth are usually sharp and are constantly replaced if damaged. These differences allowed scientists to characterize fossils as either a reptile or a mammal. Similar to Tiktaalik discussed in chapter one, the discovery of fossils that were part reptile and part mammal allowed the researchers to see that mammals evolved from reptiles, and further supported the theory of evolution. Further studies yielded even more

While a theropod “beast-footed” carnivore includes the T. Rex, the ones that likely roamed Wrangel-St.Elias National Park were considerably smaller. The researchers found evidence of a single theropod that was likely a tiny 9 cm long and 7 cm wide due to an impression of the sinusoidal shape. Several ornithopod, medium and large plant-eating dinosaurs, was identified by blunt and rounded digit impressions which are usually 22 cm long and 26 wide. It was the first evidence that dinosaurs roamed this vast region.

Throughout the scientific article there are many examples of factors that decrease the reliability of the article ‘did humans and dinosaurs co-exist’? Dr Manfred E. Kober has no degree or speciality in the evolution of Homo Genus, instead he specialises in theology with Th.M. and Th.D. degrees. This subsequently lowers his reliability as a source because he is a Theologist who believes in the theory of creation. His views may present bias as he is from the perspective that evolution does not exist – such beliefs go against the mainstream scientific views commonly accepted today. He also states that Homo Habilis and Homo erectus “Lived side by side about 1.5 million years ago in parts of Kenya’. There is no evidence that Homo Habilis

The fossil of Tiktaalik confirmed a major prediction of paleontology in that it showed characteristics of both aquatic animals, such as fish, and land animals, such as reptiles and amphibians. While it had fins and scales, it also had a flexible neck, a flat head, and complex bone structure in its fins that correspond with the structure of the legs of terrestrial animals. Thus, it demonstrates the evolutionary transition between aquatic and terrestrial life.

Dinosaurs come in many different colors and sizes. The lifespan of a dinosaur is 75 to 300 years. Their daily life is hunting, mating, using the bathroom, and migrating. The defense mechanisms helped them repair their injuries 150 mya. The bone structures are the skull, jaws, neck bones, vertebrae, thigh, pelvis, tail, and rib bone. Dinosaur’s average speed is about 27 mph. Dinosaurs find their food by hunting, which is each other and some eat plants. They reproduce by hatching newborns from eggs. Some communicate by their horns or flickering the tip of their tails. Baryonyx stomach contents were found to contain fish scales, is an example of predator-prey relationship. Some animals that are related to dinosaurs are lizards, because of their skin texture.

Some may argue that the T-Rex’s unusual anatomy was detrimental to its survival during the Cretaceous era but it actually quite the opposite. One thing the T-Rex is known for its massive disproportionate head, which seems useless but in reality, it helped it become a successful predator and scavenger. “From its thick, heavy skull to its 4-foot-long

This discovery is widely regarded as very good evidence that dinosaurs and birds share evolutionary traits, and disputes the assertion that they are unrelated; as made by those that support the ‘feathered’ Longisquama findings. As if this finding wasn’t enough, other feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the same region of China. Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx zoui lived about 125 and 145 million years

In this set of materials, the article brings reason for correctness of the theory which dinosaurs are endotherms; however, the speaker is in disagreement with whatever the author mentions.

The article states that the discovery made by the scientist about the fossils of animals contain red blood cell, blood vessels, and collagen matrix, and provides three reasons of support. However, the professor explains that discovery about a dinosaur are skeptical, and refutes each of the author’ s reasons.

First, Crichton noted that duckbilled dinosaurs were herbivores which are supported by a trace fossil found in the coal beds of the western North America that indicated footprints with plant fossils (Martin 2006). Furthermore, duckbilled dinosaurs lived in a vegetated environment that they had to consume enough food relative to their body size. Duckbilled dinosaurs had lengthened their skull and smoothed snout to obtain and process more food. The Dilophosaurus was described as two curved crests that extended from the eyes to the nose. The crest created a V shape on the head with red and black stripes on the crests (Crichton, 1990). Based on fossil evidence, the Dilophosaurus had two crests on the head, but there was no indication of the pigment of the crest. Next, the book stated that the T. rex does not bite the prey, instead, it twisted and tore the

These techniques led to the discovery of the boundary between the two eras. A single thin layer of clay found within predominantly limestone rocks established this. By comparing the marine life found in, above, and below the clay, the marine life, like the dinosaurs, had been terribly affected by the extinction event. The percentage of life in the upper layers was dramatically lower than that in the lower. This was far more compelling than what was suggested by dinosaur’s fossils.

These Dinosaur remains proved to be the key in showing a correlation that could have only been dreamed of. The discovery showed that Titanosaurs and Brachiosaurs are closely related (National Science Foundation).Tyrannosaurs and Brachiosaurs are both species of Sauropod Dinosaurs. These Dinosaurs were both labeled as dominant herbivores of their times. Both were also extremely large Dinosaurs. Tyrannosaurs ranged from being 4 to 25 meters long (Titanosauria) and Brachiosaurs were roughly the same size, on average they were 26 meters long, with 12 of those meters accounting for its neck (Brachiosaurus). Both Dinosaurs also were known for having four legs. So it would seem logical for a person to believe that these two species are related, but nothing is for certain until proven as fact. Up to this point the there was no true evidence for a person to tell that Titanosaurs and Brachiosaurs are related to each other because a skull from each was never recovered to establish this connection (National Science Foundation).