Diphtheria, Diphtheria And Respiratory Diphtheria

Many infectious diseases that once quickly spread and easily killed have been controlled or eradicated due to vaccinations. The efficacy of vaccines in reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in children, is undeniable. Per the World Health Organization, childhood vaccinations prevent approximately 2-3 million deaths per year worldwide (WHO, 2016). In the United States, the value of immunizations is clearly displayed by comparing pre-vaccine era morbidity/mortality rates to post-vaccine era in regards to vaccine-preventable diseases. For example, prior to the diphtheria vaccine in the 1920’s, 206,000 people annually contracted the disease resulting in 15,520 deaths (History of Vaccines, 2009). However, between 2004 and 2014, only

Despite significant progress in the fight against preventable disease, millions still die needlessly each year. According to UNICEF, originally known as the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, a vaccine preventable disease is responsible for 2 million fatal infections worldwide each year. About 75% of these deaths occur in children under five years of age. (N) In more vivid terms, UNICEF notes that vaccine-preventable diseases kill a child every 20 seconds. (D) Due to high rates of childhood vaccination, the United States has experienced a dramatic reduction in such deaths. A comparison of the years 1950 and 2010 clearly illustrates the benefits of vaccinations. During this 60-year period, deaths from diphtheria reduced from 410 to 0, tetanus from 336 to 3, pertussis from 1,118 to 26, and polio from 1,904 to 0. Measles deaths dropped from 468 in 1950 to 0 in 2008, the last year a United States death rate was recorded. It’s not surprising that vaccinations have been touted as one of the top ten health achievements of the 20th century by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Before the establishment of the NHS in 1948, many of working family suffer from lack of access to hospital care and Lack of access to health care (Matthews 2009). In Wales the people of village or town looked after their own, and help was usually at hand. Of course, such help was usually basic (Carradice 2015). Life in the 20th century, existed of poverty and dirty conditions. Life expectancy in 20th century for men were 48 years old and for women everyday experience like childbirth can be life threating (Williams 2013). In the 19th century 150 in 1000 infant died before there 1st birthday (Williams 2013). Midwifes in the 19th century were untrained, unregulated and unpaid; this all changed in 1902 when the 1st state regulation of midwives

Vaccines change over time as science makes advancements and diseases processes evolve and emerge. Around 400 BC, Hippocrates recognized the now preventable diseases, such as diphtheria and mumps (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015). The first effort to immunize dates back to the 1100’s when children were inoculated with scabs from individuals who recently had small pox, with a technique coined as variolation. Then in 1796, Edward Jenner successfully created the first small pox vaccine (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015).

Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and

There are several diseases around the world that have not gone away in the last few decades. For instance, HIV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and more commonly, the Flu, and Measles are deadly diseases that still exist today. However, getting vaccinated will help fight off the disease as the vaccine releases antibodies into your bloodstream. Experts from MedlinePlus say that Pertussis, Diphtheria, and Tetanus are caused by bacteria. Diphtheria and pertussis can be spread to people from coughing and sneezing. Tetanus enters through cut and wounds. Also according to MedlinePlus, “Before vaccines, as many as 200,000 cases a year of diphtheria, 200,000 cases of pertussis, and hundreds of cases of tetanus, were reported in the United States each

Mandatory vaccination continues to be a contentious subject in the United States, even though extensive evidence proves inoculation prevents certain diseases. According to A. Plotkin & L. Plotkin (2011), the evolution of the first vaccine commenced in the 1700’s when a physician named Edwards Jenner discovered that cowpox protected individuals from one of the deadliest diseases termed smallpox. The precise virus Jenner used is unclear; however, it was espoused in the extermination of smallpox worldwide. The researchers further explained, the unearthing of the subsequent vaccine known as chicken cholera occurred approximately 80 years later by Louise Pasteur. Ever since, copious vaccines such as rabies, yellow fever, varicella, pneumococcal, mumps and recently HPV have been introduced.

All living things on this earth are subject to attack from a disease-causing agent. Therefore, multicellular animals have dedicated cells and tissues that fight off infectious microbes in order to build immunity. A multitude of specialized cells carries out much of the immune system’s work. Each of these cells is intended to fight off diseases in a particular way. Vaccination, which is one of the methods that is used to prevent germs from proliferating, is subject of many discussions. While opponents believe that most of the diseases such as diphtheria and varicella are not necessarily harmful, and that injecting questionable vaccine ingredient into a child may cause side effects, such as seizures, paralysis, proponents believe that vaccination has been one of the greatest developments of the 20th century. It has served as a protection for the community, and has saved children and parent’s time money.

Most healthcare professionals and leaders attribute vaccination as the single-most important reason for increasing the health of the human population during the past one hundred years. As a result, required immunizations are common in the U. S. and other developed countries. However, there is a segment of society who argue against vaccination due to worries that immunizing negatively impacts future health. More and more information is becoming available that presents allopathic vaccination in an ugly light. (Sharma, 2003) For the past century, vaccines for diptheria,

Tetanus is a disease affecting the nervous system of the human body. The first inactive tetanus vaccine (also known as Tetanus Toxoid) began production in 1924, 15 years before World War II, which officially began in 1939. However, widespread use of the vaccine did not begin until World War II was in progress. (CDC, 2011). The tetanus vaccine became required to reduce cases of tetanus in war zones where exposure to C. tetani is common.

“In California has already sickened more than 5,270 infants and killed nine, in 2010, the highest record since 1955.” (Steven Reinberg, HealthDay 2010) CDC recommends that, “all adults 18-64 in contact with infants or working in health care receive a TDap within two years of their last tetanus vaccination, and that other adults in the same age range be offered the vaccine 10 years or more after their last tetanus shot.” (CDC, 2011)

I chose diphtheria for my term paper because it was a fatal disease before 1920 killing more children than any other disease. Each year there were more than 200,000 cases of diphtheria in the United States. Nowadays this disease is not that widespread and limited mostly to the countries of the Third World. This was achieved due to discovery of immunization. However, we still observe cases of diphtheria in the developed countries that do not have regular immunizations (Frey and Tish 2011). In 2014, there were more than 7,000 outbreaks of this disease in the world. Taking into account that 5-10% of those cases resulted in death, we should not underrate diphtheria as a life-threating pathogen (“Clinicians”, accessed April 10,2016).

In the New England Journal of Medicine July 1994 issue a study found that over 80% of children under 5 years of age who had contracted whooping cough had been fully vaccinated.

“Diphtheria is spread (transmitted) from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, from coughing or sneezing. Rarely, spreading may occur from skin lesions (like an abnormal sore) or clothes that are contaminated with discharges from lesions (like a sore) of an infected person.”(“Diphtheria”: Causes and Transmission” 1). Diphtheria used to be a widespread childhood disease, but because of advanced technology and medicine, it has become even more rare (“Diphtheria” World of Microbiology 1). After 1988, all of the cases of diphtheria in America have been confirmed that the people who have it are immigrants or tourists from other countries (“Diphtheria” World of Microbiology 1). “People who have not been immunized may get diphtheria at any age. The disease is spread most often by droplets from the coughing or sneezing of an infected person or carrier.”(“Diphtheria” World of Microbiology 1). The largest outbreak of diphtheria was in the Soviet Union from 1990-1995 resulting in about 5,000 deaths. There have been other outbreaks in different countries like India and France(“Diptheria” Gale

In the late 1800’s diphtheria came across western Europe and the United States, it killed thousands of children. The diphtheria characterized by infection is more contagious than the disease characterized by respiratory infection. Diphtheria is a disease of the respiratory system. It causes membranes to grow on the inner throat.