Direct Animal Interactions

In this part of the assignment, you are to decide, what feeding relationships will exist in the community. You are to design these relationships so that the survival of each species is ultimate outcome for this ecosystem. To do this you will need to consider what organisms will compete for resources and which organisms will affect population density of other organisms through predication. In your report, you will • Discuss the organisms you have selected to be involved in your food web and their relationships with each other, i.e. Competitor or Predator.

Since organisms living in communities form interdependent relationships, a change in the abundance of one species will not only affect the physical and more direct interactions, but could indirectly affect the number of other species within the community as a consequence (Wootton 1993). These indirect affects rise because the interactions between pairs of species are not independent of other species, such as increasing the density of vegetation may increase the survival rate of the prey, reducing the intensity of the interaction between the predator and prey (Wootton 1993, 1994). An

The ecosystem with which the simulation is being done is an aquatic ecosystem. This specific ecosystem is home to producers such as: black pine, coral weed, and nori seaweed. Stationary consumers like acorn barnacles, gooseneck barnacles, and mussels are also present. Mobile consumers such as chitin, starfish, and whelk. The invasive mobile consumer is the green crab. Animals such as starfish compete with others like green crabs for mussels. Starfish and whelk prey on and also compete for the gooseneck barnacle. Whelk and green crab also compete for the acorn barnacles. The competition between starfish and green crab over mussels is what led me to my hypothesis as the mussel is one of the largest secondary consumers in terms

The natural area consists of wetlands and a variety of animals. The producers in the food web are sawgrass, bladderwort, and periphyton. Detritivores are butterflies, millipedes and lovebugs. Decomposers are lichens, mushrooms, and bacteria. Primary consumers are grass shrimps, apple snail, insects, and white-tailed deer. Secondary consumers are bluegill, wood stork, and limpkin. Tertiary consumers are raccoon, gar, and bass. Quaternary consumers are alligator and Burmese python. Non-native species are Burmese pythons. This natural area contains many different species, which means it has species richness. There are a variety of species located in this natural area, which means it has species diversity.

The complex interactions and interdependence are evident to the Tri-lakes ecosystem because they shape the ecosystem and are needed due to every organism being dependent on each other An example of an interaction is the predator-prey interaction is with the largemouth bass and the alagi . This evident to the the Tri-lakes ecosystem because if the largemouth bass population increases, than the alagi population decreases with an overpopulated largemouth bass until a devastating decrease in population. Another example of interaction is the predator-prey relationship between humans and largemouth bass. The humans hunt the largemouth bass for fun or either for food. Either way if one organism goes extinct it will affect each animal to either starving

In all symbiotic relationships, one of the species involved in benefited. In Mutualism, both are benefited, in Parasitism one is harmed by the other’s gain, is commensalism one is not affected by the other’s gain. In a Cooperative relationship, both are working together to achieve a common goal. In Predation, one organism is preyed upon by another, who will most likely use the organism for food.

Predators and prey are organisms that interrelate, and they can influence on another’s success in reproduction. Predators are organisms that consume other organisms-their prey. These two organisms evolve together. They live in an environment where they must develop certain adaptations to survive. When an adaptation is developed, it gives an organism certain physical characteristics that create an advantage for survival and can come to dominate in a population. An adaptation aids survival by either decreasing a prey's chance of being eaten, or by increasing a predator's chance of obtaining food to survive and reproduce. Predators must fight for food. They face density-independent

The exact scenario changes in each example, but the central idea remains that through a chain of interactions, a non-abundant species has an outsized impact on ecosystem functions.

The intertidal rocky shore of Caloundra Beach is inhabited by diverse range of biodiversity of animals and plants, many of which have developed high levels of adaptations throughout their existence. The very boundary of marine and terrestrial ecosystem, this environment is subjected to extremes of the physical environment such as temperature, desiccation, wave turbulence as well the ecological interactions that commonly occur in biotic communities (e.g. competition, predation). However Rocky intertidal shores are easily accessible by humans and provide an enjoyable opportunity for passive recreation and for science and environmental education as well.

Having many different kinds of organisms ensures lots of options for hungry animals, from hawks to insects. This provides a healthy ecosystem that consists of those species working together in harmony; however, destructive behaviors can create an imbalance in it. Invasive animals like pythons and anacondas cripple the Everglades population of possums, rabbits, and foxes, along with interfering plants that grow so thickly that they block water flow and animal movement. Despite this, the conflicting species are able to recover from the damage, and rebuild the environment. “Living things, both as individuals and as systems, have resilience (the ability to recover from harm), and can bounce back

With the increasing amount of disturbed habitats, invasive species could soon become the leading cause of ecological degradation (Soulé & Orians, 2001).  Invasive species can alter habitats in a number of ways.  Changes in the physical structure of the land are the most visually obvious.  Examples include narrowing stream channels, reducing sand supply to dunes, and stabilizing surfaces such as mudflats, and each invasive species goes about these changes in their own way.  For instance, the burrowing activities of Australian isopods cause the banks of tidal channels to collapse, leading to the widening of channels and the loss of vegetated salt marsh (Cox, 1999).  On the other hand, Japanese mussels that have invaded the San Diego area are stabilizing mudflats.  Although reaching Southern California in the 1960s,

a) They have a differentiation strategy, in that they propagate an unspoiled, non-crowded and pristine environment.

There are three forms of symbiotic relationships namely mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. The partners in a symbiotic relationship may either benefit from, be unaffected by, or be harmed by the kind of relationship that exists between them, (Berg 2007). Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both the partners benefit from the relationship, (Berg 2007). Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship whereby one party benefits while the other party is neither harmed nor benefits, (Berg 2007). Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits while the other is harmed, (Berg 2007).

Human-animal interaction (HAI) is a concept that has been around since the beginning; ever since man knew what animals were. We have interacted in so many ways with animals - ranging from hunting as a resource to observing in the wild, and from holding in captivity as a means of labor to domesticating for companionship. Throughout these centuries of interactions, it's become abundantly clear as to what these encounters do for us as far as productivity/research/ entertainment/companionship, but it's never been completely clear as to what our presence and encounters do to them - more specifically, what does it do to them psychologically and behaviorally? The word interaction is key, and it's important to note what an interaction means: both individuals affect each other- “... both human and animal are active and reactive during an interaction, independent of who is the initiator” (Eddie A.M. Bokkers, 31). So, what does this mean for animal development? An animal’s psychological development (just like humans) is most influenced at a very young age, but behavioral development (though still very impressionable at a young age) can be influenced at virtually any point in their life. This, in regards to the influence of human interaction, means that it influences these two branches of development through positive and negative stimulants that allow a psychological learning adaptation to take place, prompting a behavioral action.

One unintended animal-human interaction is when a human unexpectedly encounters a wild or harmful creature. The animal could get harmed if the human panics and hurts the animal. It could impact the human because the animal could do the same thing and protect itself from the human.It impacts both the animal and the human with an undesired