Direct Observation Vs Indirect Observation

Longitudinal design is one of many studies that researches utilize to study human’s behaviors. In these types of studies the individuals are left alone without any type of contact with the researchers. The reason for

In the science of Psychology, observations and inferences are equally important. Observation is the act of perceiving, of noticing, of watching something closely. On the other hand, inference is looking at the evidence in front of you and making a deduction of your own based on what you see. When somebody observes something or someone they just state the facts as they appear before their eyes, whereas in inference they reach a conclusion by assuming or deducting things as well. For example, an observation would be “

A researcher can obtain information or data for a case study from many different sources. Some of these sources include direct observation, interviews, documents, archival records, physical artifacts and participant observation (Yin, 1994; Stake, 1995). Direct observation involves studying a subject in a natural environment by multiple observers. Interviews are an important process for gathering data in a case study.

For the purpose of this study, the researcher intends to use a cross-sectional research design where all the data will be collected at the same time. The distribution of the research questionnaires will take place over a time period of two weeks where the main data will be collected from the respondents.

-A person’s behavior can be influenced by observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influence.

Observational methods involve an investigator viewing users as they work and taking notes on the activity which takes place. Observation may be either direct, where the investigator is actually present during the task, or indirect, where the task is viewed by some other means such as through use of a video camera.

This paper has aimed to evaluate the course of events that when working in rotation can facilitate effective teaching and learning. It has highlighted the planning, teaching, evaluating and assessment cycle, which is ever revolving helping practitioners to plan, evaluate and assess their pedagogic practice. It has underlined the importance of planning and assessing in teaching practice. It has considered concrete strategies to use during this cycle and studied these events when critically analysing current assessment theory. Through theory and practical evidence it has attempted to show that levelling and grading has to be fair and accurate to enable each and every pupil to receive the education that they deserve. Throughout this paper it has

In a naturalistic observation, the phenomenon in which behavior of the subjects being observed changes because they are being watched is called

cross sectional research. Some of the disadvantages of using this method of research is that it can

Observation is a data collection approach in which researchers use all of their senses to scrutinize people in usual settings or naturally transpiring situations, where as, a Participant Observation is an approach in which Participant observers study people in their natural environment, obtaining a depth of vision into behaviour that comes not simply from close, detailed, methodical observation but also from the researcher's own experiences within the group being studied, a method that provides first hand insights into why people behave as they do. To be a Participant observer it needs a great deal of skills,courage, commitment and the risk of life is associated with it, like doing a research on a gang. A researcher has to learn the culture

I carried out two types of observation: these being narrative observation and time sampling. I chose to do both because the strengths of each help to support the weaknesses of the other. The main weaknesses of time sampling are that it causes the observer to miss potentially important behaviours that occur

Cross‐sectional, in which scientists study a number of individuals of different ages who have the same trait or characteristic of interest at a single time

Once a researcher has determined what exactly their study will consist of, they must now decide how the information will be analyzed. One of the most important factors to consider when deciding whether to utilize a longitudinal or cross-sectional method to retrieve data is how much time and how variables do you have to measure. The main difference between the two is that longitudinal studies are conducted over a period, and cross-sectional comparisons are made at a sole point in time. When initiating your study, it will be your research question that will dictate which method to use. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies can be looked at as observational studies, in which data is being recorded about participant without controlling the environment of the subjects.

On the other hand, by being an anonymous observer a degree of spontaneity could be achieved. Moreover Tanner and Turney (2000, p344) argue that “the absence of active participation can give the practitioner the opportunity to think about and digest what is both seen and felt”. Although I was not actively participating I did feel emotionally engaged during the observation. There were times during the observation in which the girl’s body language did not match what was being said. In one occasion, the male asked her where she was going to which she replied: “I am going to meet a friend at the pub”. From an observer perspective she looked uncomfortable, her body moving away from the male while fiddling with her mobile. At that point the male persistent questioning made me feel uneasy too. I understood the complexity of Schon’s (cited in Briggs 1999, p148-149) idea of reflection in action (“being able to reflect during practice encounters”) taking into consideration the range of factors, such as thought and emotions, involved in the process of observation.

The question that I set out to study was whether more men or women used their phones while walking. I expected more women than men to use their phones while walking because I believe that women spend more time on social media, texting, and making phones call when they are in public spaces, particularly in the mall, which is where I conducted the observation. Women often go to the mall in groups, and when in the groups, they tend to look at social media together or text others as they travel from one store to another. My hypothesis was that more women than men would use their phones while walking.