Disadvantages Of Mangroves

Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs with a thick, exposed network of roots that grow down from the branches and into the water and sediment. All mangroves are found on the intertidal zones between ocean and the land. When the sediment accumulate little wave occurs, the saline depend on the frequency. Some of the indirect impacts are the sediment runoff and also including chemical runoff, global warming is one of main effects of the mangrove ecosystem. In Tannum there are various types of mangroves. Such as the river and grey mangroves located at south tree and wild cattle in both Tannum sands and Boyne Island along the Boyne River. Leaves are around 7cm long gland that secret salt, the

The coastal environment I have decided to talk about today is Ningaloo Reef. The reef is on the remote western coast of Australia, it includes one of the longest nearshore reefs in the world. Temperate and tropical currents converge in the Ningaloo region resulting in highly diverse marine life including spectacular coral reefs, abundant fishes and species with special conservation significance such as turtles, whale sharks, dugongs, whales and dolphins.

Mangrove Forest is another type of ecosystem in South Texas. Mangrove Forests are found along the coast in salty waters and the general abiotic conditions are high salinity flooded soils, low wave energy, high temperatures, and muddy soils. Black Mangrove and Buttonwood are the dominant plant species in South Texas Mangrove Forest ecosystem. Buttonwood is adapted to this ecosystem because it resides inland where there is less salty conditions. Black Mangrove is adapted to sandy salty clay soil and requires protection from wave action and they are sensitive to cold weather. Some common animal species that live in Mangrove Forests are many species of fish, crabs, mollusks, and birds. Mangrove forests provide a habitat, shelter, and nursery to these species that reside in this ecosystem. Mangrove forest serve as a coastal protection from severe storms and hurricanes also help remove pollutants and erosion. The economic importance of Mangrove forest is that they support fisheries, water purification, tourism, and coastal protection. Human activities pose a threat to Mangrove Forests because of the removal of some mangroves, boat waves, oil spills, dredging, draining, and diking.

Zonation is the distribution of animals and plants into specific zones according to abiotic factors and characterised by its dominant species [15]. Mangrove zonation is the distinguishable categorisation of a mangrove ecosystem that extends from shore to inland regions. Definitive spatial variation of mangrove species has been recognised amongst different ecosystems worldwide and is accredited as being influenced by abiotic and environmental factors [16]. In Eastern Australia, the majority of mangrove forests may be divided into landward, middle and seaward zones, based off of their placement in relation to tidal position. The following points represent the typical physiognomies characterised by mangroves in their corresponding zones:

Mangroves are trees and shrubs forming forests on the coastal wetlands, typically growing between saltmarsh and seagrass beds. Sydney Olympic park is the main habitat for the grey Mangrove and the planted river

The beautiful rare Daintree Rainforest land stretches out into a dense rainforest, that lays on lowland mountain ranges. With “fast flowing streams, waterfalls, and gorges” that twist and turn between the mountains that lead to the white sandy beaches that collide into the Coral Sea (“About the Daintree Rainforest”). The closely spaced trees cover (“Tropical Rainforest Biome”) the colorful flowers and plants throughout the rainforest (“About the Daintree Rainforest”). The Daintree Rainforest is a tropical rainforest biome that is “located on the northeast of Queensland, Australia” (“About the Daintree Rainforest”). Logging has been a problem to the one hundred and thirty-five million year old rainforest because they see the Daintree Rainforest

Hervey Bay is a sub-tropical environment located along the east coast of Queensland. It is recognized for containing a variety of ecosystems, including the rocky shores, forests, mangroves, and sand dunes. Each ecosystem experiences hardships due to human interaction and impact, causing an array of issues. These issues have been investigated in depth through on location field data collection, and an array of online and offline literature references.

The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most beloved regions of the world but due to recent human activity in surrounding areas and subsequent sediment delivery, coral and seagrass habits within are being negatively impacted. Extending 2000km along the North-eastern Australian coast (Brodie et al., 2007), the Great Barrier Reef is a major source of income for Northern Australia and fuels the growth of local businesses. As industrialization in areas adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon have increased since European settlement (McCulloch et al., 2003), the need for more resources to compensate for human population has led to harmful land practices such as overstocking and deforestation for cattle grazing inland. These are causing a significant

Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus): Sometimes called the fourth mangrove because it is often found in mangrove communities. Buttonwood is not a mangrove because it is no vivipary. Grow high on shore, rarely submerged.

The Great Barrier Reef is an oceanic/costal ecosystem off the coastline of Port Douglas, Australia. There are man costal systems that are significant to the role of the Reef including coral reefs, wetlands, and rainforests etc. The reef consists of many diverse corals and is a home for over 1,500 different species of fish. The reef is unique for many distinctive reasons; a reason that is unique is that it is acknowledged as one of the most imperative biological possessions. The Reef is a complex ecosystem with numerous organisms trusting on each other for nourishment and endurance. Broadly all collections of maritime plants and animals are extravagantly signified in the Reef. The animals range from dugongs

Riverbank vegetation is a key role for the Nardoo water system, and it helps nurture the soil, and provides important nutrients in the soil and the water. Vegetation also provide shade for fish in the stream also fallen branches and trees provide shelter for aquatic life within the streams. The vegetation provides protection for our native fauna to use while traversing the region. Mr Ross O-Reilly, of the Water Authority, said, “willow trees used to strengthen the banks in the Merringurra region had caused additional problems. The trees had spread extensively along the river and were so thick in areas that they were almost choking the river”(Nardoo 2007 Radio Interview). The willow tree is not a native tree to Australia and this tree is choking the river edge and killing all of the other vegetation around the tree. Now it is being the dominant predator tree

Florida's coastal ecosystems are one of the greatest assets that Florida has today. An ecosystem is an interacting and interdependent community made up of both living and non-living parts. Ecosystems include the air, water, soil, and sunlight as well as all the living organisms present, from the simplest amoeba to the plants
and more complex animals that are all a part of the system. There is no size
limitation for ecosystems, the entire earth can be considered as a one ecosystem. And so with more coastline than any other state in the contiguous United States, it is a source of economic, environmental and recreational benefits. People come from all over the world to visit the beautiful Florida beaches.1 Coastal uplands are composed of substrate and vegetation influenced primarily by coastal maritime processes such as erosion, deposition, salt spray, and storms with storm surges. Coastal uplands also consist of mesic or xeric communities restricted to barrier islands and near shore with woody or herbaceous vegetation. Other communities that can be found with in south Florida’s

Appendix 2, shows the distribution of mangroves in Australia, from 2000. Most of the area that’s coloured, indicating these regions have mangroves from 0.001 to 578km2 (Olr, 2016). Appendix 3, shows the richness of the distribution of mangroves around Australia from 0 to 32 different species (Olr, 2016). The richer and denser parts of Australia are above the Tropic of Capricorn, below are parts where there are fewer species and less areas that include mangroves.

The Great Barrier Reef is a huge, complex ecosystem located off the east coast of northern Queensland and is considered as an ecosystem at risk. It stretches approximately 2300km from Papua New Guinea’s Fly River in the north (8⁰S) to Fraser Island in the south (24⁰S) and has become the largest World Heritage site in the world. It has 1500 of the worlds 13 000 fish species in it area, 200 bird species, 5oo species of seaweed, 600 species of echinoderm, 125 species of shark and ray and around 360 species of hard coral.

Seagrasses are essential primary producers that provide habitat and refuge to fauna. Anthropogenic influences have caused global loss of seagrasses and a major contributor is eutrophication, which increases phytoplankton and algal populations, reduces light availability, and causes daily hypoxic conditions. Eutrophication is commonly linked to declines in temperate conditions and is more difficult to link to tropical systems since decreases are typically related to physical damage and diminishing light conditions from runoff. Climate change, herbivore declines, disease and overfishing, along with anthropogenic impacts from coastal development, run-off, eutrophication, and aquaculture have caused declines in coral reefs and mangrove systems. These three systems are interconnected and when one system is impacted, secondary impacts are observed in the other systems; coastal ecosystems will be adversely effected and decline. Additional research, conservation, and ways to reduce anthropogenic impacts have been discussed. Restoration is used to reverse habitat loss, although success is varied. Coastal systems and the biological and ecosystem services they provide, may take decades to establish. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are instituted to protect systems from further degradation, restore communities and allow them to flourish naturally. However, local residents are affected by MPAs and may become displaced, have restriction placed on their livelihood, or elimination of their