Disadvantages Of Onsolidation

walkways to prevent human interference. The main reason of dune stabilization is to slow down the speed of erosion. In 1974 the Cronulla beaches were at an all time low and

The anoxic layer is very deep above the areas with coarse sand. This is in accordance with what was mentioned in the introduction. The coarse grained sand has more water passing though it to increase the

Because of the small size, the particles float on the surface of water and often travel long distances during rainstorms. When there are too many of these sediments, the water

When these components are mixed with the water, this causes the tiny particles of soil to stick together or coagulate. These particles are now bigger and heavier, they are known as flocs which makes it easier to remove by settings of filtration.

compresses under its own weight due to the loss the force of buoyancy. During primary subsidence, the volume of the organic component decreases, but the mass of the organics remains the same. Secondary subsidence is caused by a combination of oxidation and shrinkage. The mass and volume of the organics decreases during secondary subsidence (Ewing and Vepraskas, 2006, p. 121-122). Being able to differentiate between the two different kinds of subsidence in marshes allows for more precise methods of measurement by scientists. Primary subsidence happens before secondary subsidence, and secondary subsidence typically only occurs in the upper portion of the soil stratum, the part exposed to air. Primary subsidence reduces the volume of the soil, while the mass of the sample stays the same. Meanwhile secondary subsidence reduces the volume of the soil and reduces the mass of the soil.

In our case, we are calculating the total amount of payment, a lower PV option must be chosen. This means the option is relatively cheaper than another project.

The weather also has a large influence. Often there are winter storm surges producing higher waves, and higher sea levels, meaning higher energy erosion. In addition is increased sub-aerial denudation brought about by the heavy rain and strong winds. This often leads to increased slumping and

This experiment is designed to facilitate an understanding of the principles involved when water flows through a pervious material such as soil.

2. The procedure no. 2 to 5 was repeated as stated for fine aggregate using appropriate sieve size.

The voids are spaces between grains of sand, or cracks in dense rock. All water beneath the land surface occurs within such void space sand is referred to as underground or subsurface water. Subsurface water occurs in two different zones. One zone, located immediately beneath the land surface in most areas, contains both water and air in the voids. This zone is referred to as the unsaturated zone. Other names for the unsaturated zone are zone of aeration and vadose zone. The unsaturated zone is almost always underlain by a second zone in which all voids are full of water. This zone is defined as the saturated zone. Water in the saturated zone is referred to as ground water and is the only subsurface water available to supply wells and springs. Water table is often misused as a synonym for ground water. However, the water table is actually the boundary between the unsaturated and saturated zones. It represents the upper surface of the ground water. Technically speaking, it is the level at which the hydraulic pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. The water level found in unused wells is often the same level as the water table. AQUIFERS An aquifer is a saturated geologic formation that will yield a usable quantity of water to a well or spring. Ground water occurs in aquifers under two conditions: confined and unconfined. A confined aquifer is overlain by a confining bed, such as an impermeable layer of clay

The foundation walls can be constructed using different types of materails, depending on the local conditions and construction requirements. You need to find the cuses of crack in detail:-

When a strip foundation is to be used on a sloping site the most economic solution is to use a stepped foundation which will reduce the amount of excavation, construction under ground, backfill and trench support. The provision of stepped foundations following the line of the ground requires each step to be between 150 and 225millimetres in order to accommodate brick or block courses. The lap of concrete at the step should be not less than the depth of the foundation concrete and never less than 300millimetres whichever is the greater.

The high water content of these soils causes the chemistry to be primarily reducing rather than oxidizing as it is in most other soils. Most of the reactions are mediated by biological activities. Such a chemical environment means that the rate of decomposition of organic matter is relatively slow. The reduced carbon in the organic matter of saturated soils is the source of energy and electrons to drive the redox reactions (Schipper et al, p. 923). Under slightly reducing conditions, the process of denitrification breaks down nitrate (NO3-) into N2 "through intermediates including nitrite (NO2) and N2O" (McBride, p. 265). Under strongly reducing conditions, some of the N2 is transformed into NH4- through plant enzyme-catalization in a process called nitrogen fixing. Reducing conditions also change sulfate (SO42- ) into H2S a noxious smelling gas. Much of the hydrogen sulfide is dissolved and dissociated in the water where the sulfide interacts with Fe2+ form iron sulfides. In more moderately reducing conditions the iron can be contained in siderite (Fe CO3). In both instances the solubility of iron is greatly reduced (McBride, p. 266). Saturated soils tend to decompose organic matter slowly, transform nitrates, and reduce the solubility of metals such as iron. The reduced iron results in gleying (greyish-green coloration) of the soil and in the case of fluctuating water levels mottles

The unsaturated zones are soil and geologic materials located between the land surface and the saturated zone. The voids are filled with a combination of air and water. Water in this zone is often refereed to as soil moisture. Below the unsaturated zone is the water table. The water table is the level in the geologic formation below which all voids or cracks are saturated. The water table also can be thought of as the upper surface of the groundwater and top of the saturated zone for an unconfined aquifer. The entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone. In the saturated zones, all voids are filled with water and no air is present. The water in the saturated zone is call groundwater. The distance water has to travel to reach groundwater can range from a few feet to hundreds of feet. Water movement toward groundwater may take hours or years, depending on the depth to the aquifer and the characteristics of the unsaturated zone.

This work aims to study the seismic performance with different soil condition like hard, medium and soft of multi-storied buildings having plan regularities. The buildings were analyzed by software STAAD Pro. The result obtained in term of percentage change in base shear and peak story shear.