2.0 Literature Review
In the literature review, the author will review the anatomy and mechanical characteristics of the shoulder joint. The author will also analyse the requirements for the mechanical testing and demonstration of rotator cuff surgery efficiency. In order to successfully complete this task, it will require investigation and research of at least two methods used in rotator cuff surgery. The author will therefore examine the operation of at least two currently used methods of rotator cuff surgery and analyse the advantages, disadvantages, statistics, success rates, cost and efficiency of each procedure and compare the methods that were examined. Due to the nature of this project, peer-reviewed publications, academic journals, articles and books as well as e-books will be referenced wherever possible, but information that is found on the internet will not be used unless it is mentioned in any of the previously stated sources of information
Section 1 – Anatomy
This section of the literature review will deal with the anatomy of the shoulder. “Anatomy” can roughly be defined as a branch of science that is concerned with the bodily structure of living things, such as humans and animals and/or a study of the internal workings of something. (Dictionary) This
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The first function of the scapula involves the scapulothoracic articulation, which offers another joint, in order for the humerus to totally rotate, with respect to the thorax increases. This function is useful, because it increases the range of motion higher than the 120o that can be produced by the glenohumeral joint. The second function of the scapula involves facilitating, where a large lever is facilitated for the muscles that are attached to the scapula. Due to the size and shape of the scapula, it provides large movements around two joints, namely the ac joint and the sternoclavicular joint. (Hamill,
Rotator cuff surgery may be required to repair re-attach torn tendons to the shoulder. This may be followed by rotator cuff exercises after surgery to promote further healing and return of function.
Walch et al first described the internal impingement as an intraarticular impingement of the rotator cuff in the abducted and externally rotated shoulder. With 90 degrees of both abduction and external rotation, the articular surface of the posterior superior rotator cuff becomes pinched between the labrum and the greater tuberosity.5 The authors separated the labral lesions from SLAP lesions which extended anteriorly to the biceps anchor at the supraglenoid tubercle, concluding that internal impingement may be responsible for a subset of patients with isolated posterior SLAP tears.5
Triceps Brachii - It's attachments are the Olecranon process, posterior humerus shaft, and infraglenoid tuberical. When it contracts it causes extention.
Consists of the scapula and the clavicle (shoulder girdle). It attaches the upper appendages to the skeleton and is a major attachment for the major muscle of the neck and trunk.
Four muscles that are attached to the shoulder blade make up the rotator cuff. These muscles work together to ensure the shoulder moves and rotates properly. If the muscles become inflamed or torn, you will struggle
The rotator cuff refers to the group of muscles and tendons in your shoulder that connects your shoulder blade to your upper arm.
Anatomy and physiology are the study of the human body and the body’s functions. Anatomy became known as a distinctive division of medical science 500 years BC (Tsafrir & Ohry, 2001).
This paper is going to be over rotator cuff injuries and what to do if this occurs to an athlete. The rotator cuff consists of four muscles which are the Subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor, and the supraspinatus and their associated tendons that insert into the Humerus. These groups of muscles are responsible for rotating the arm internally and externally as well as abducting the shoulder. The acronym for the four muscles of the rotator cuff is known as SITS. The best treatment for symptomatic, nontraumatic rotator cuff tears is unknown. The purpose of this trial was to compare the effectiveness of physiotherapy, acromioplasty, and rotator cuff repair for this injury. The way this trial worked was that 180 shoulders with the symptomatic,
There are many more terms and concepts in throwing a baseball then the wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and the follow through. There is also the stride, your pelvis, rotation, deceleration, force, gravity, resistance and speed. (Maranowski). Within the shoulder, there are three major bones used. They are the clavicle, humerus, and the scapula. Another major component of the shoulder while throwing is the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made up of four small muscles which are the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the teres minor. The main responsibility of the rotator cuff is for the stability of the shoulder joint. It holds the humeral head in the glenoid socket during early abduction while throwing. (" biomechanics of," ).
RCT is a common disease. According to general population surveys, the prevalence of rotator cuff tear is 25 % in those older than 50 years of age and 20 % in those older than 20 years of age (1). The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles and their tendons supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (2). These muscles connect the upper-arm bone, or humerus, to the shoulder blade. The important job of the rotator cuff is to keep the shoulder joint stable. RCT can be caused by degenerative changes, repetitive micro-traumas, severe traumatic injuries, and secondary dysfunctions. Falling on an outstretched hand, unexpected force when pushing or pulling or during shoulder dislocation can cause traumatic injury to the rotator cuff.
The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and the teres minor. These muscles helps to lift your shoulder up over your head and also rotate it toward and away from your body. Unfortunately, it is also a group of muscles that is frequently injured by tears, tendonitis, impingement, bursitis, and strains. The major muscle that is usually involved is the supraspinatus muscle. Rotator Cuff Injuries are usually broken up into the following categories.
For the human joint anatomy project, our group decided to research and construct the elbow joint. The following is a report and summary of the project including roles taken, challenges faced, solutions derived, and ultimately, contribution and experiences of both partners.
A rotator cuff tear is an injury that plagues much of the elderly population as well as a variety of athletes. The etiology of a rotator cuff tear is primarily due to the degeneration of the tendons or more specifically the thinning and disorientation of collagen fibers and degradation of various cells and tissues. 1 Rotator cuff tears are more likely to occur with age. Rotator cuff tears may occur due to direct trauma such as falling or shearing linked to a simple throwing or rotation of the arm and shoulder.2
*insert article *attachedBesides being able to see the inside of a shoulder, doctors use different physical tests to evaluate the shoulder in order to determine what type of injury and how severe an injury may be. One such test was recently developed by Dr. Carl J. Basamania at the Womack Army Medical center in Fort Bragg, N.C. The test was developed to evaluate shoulder instability in a patient. During the test the Dr. or examiner stands next to the patient who is to lay flat on his/her back. The hand of the examined should is held firmly by the examiner. The examiner then pushes against the clavicle to stabilize th scapula, while they also gently hold the pectoral muscle with their thumb in order to be able to assess relaxation. The examiner then rotates the arm form neutral to full external rotation. If the patient has AIGHL incompetence there is a lack of tightening as the arm reaches full external rotation. The test has appeared to be highly accurate and may be of value to Dr.'s and surgeons alike. After doctors have determined what type and what degree of injury a patient has sustained using various tests it is on to the next step, rehabilitation.
An orthopedic surgery residency is a five year program that prepares individuals to work in this field. This program offers an opportunity to the doctors to complete their surgical rotations in areas such as surgical ICU, internal medicine, general surgery and the emergency room. Additionally, the rotations are offered in the surgical sub-specialties like the orthopedic and the cardiovascular surgery. Once the residents gain more experience in this program, they’ll be given additional responsibilities that focus more on the orthopedics. They will be given additional opportunities to perform the shoulder,