Essay on Disciplined Pluralism

The free marketplace represents a superlative model of capitalism, since it denotes the most proficient and profitable way of production. In a free market, economic actors are capable of conducting business devoid of political interferences, such as the burden of a minimum wage, or trade in tariffs. Without these limits, economic actors are abridged to a state of clean competition, driving costs downstairs and resulting in senior quality and lower price products.

Mao had lost power after the failure of the Great Leap Forward, an attempt to modernize China’s economy by developing agriculture and industry which led to the deaths of nearly 13,000 people due to famine. Mao eventually stood down as Chairman of the People Republic

In foreign relations, trade had a marginal value and foreign investment both inwards and outwards were essentially absent. One of the greatest failures of Mao’s notable project ‘Great Leap Forward’ in 1958 turned out to be one of the greatest failures as it was intended to collectivize all agricultural, industrial and service life under people's communes and militias’ control . The first consequence of this measure was an economic autarky that led to one of the worst famines of the twentieth century. Developments in international policy pushed China towards a gradual isolation and growing conflicts. Eventually China's international political and economic relations degenerated and led to a serious military confrontation with its main ally, the Soviet Union and fighting a border war with India in the 60s. Isolation, political and economic, reaches its highest levels with the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in 1966 until 1976 .

This document shows how living conditions and independence did not improve for landowners. Landowners only lost their land and homes. It wasn’t fair how low classes were able to make more money when landowners couldn’t have better living conditions. Document 9 by an unknown person who was an economist made a line graph for people interested in China’s GDP to see how China’s GDP was at that time. This line graph shows how the quality of people’s life wasn’t improving because there wasn’t any jobs for them. The economy was very weak since there wasn’t enough jobs. Factories didn’t improve either they stayed the same because of the value of the materials. People couldn’t afford things because since there wasn’t jobs they didn’t have enough money to be able to buy things. The Communist China notes talks about the Great Leap Forward. The Great Leap Forward began from 1958 and ended in 1960. During 1959 through 1961 about 50 million people died of starvation. Mao forced people to work and it

In “Problems and Promise in Pluralism,” Annalee R. Ward argues for academic freedom through the lens of confessional pluralism. Ward challenges the academy to revisit pluralism to ascertain whether various denominations can have an “engagement of differences in creative ways” that allow for coexistence in scholarship” (Eck 9). Although academy insists that pluralism tugs on personal integrity, closer examination show that “authentic peaceful coexistence” is a possible outcome when approached correctly (Ward 5).

The Great Leap Forward is a Maoist approach to ruling China; it is distinct from the soviet model. After the hundred flowers Mao started to take criticism negatively and created an “Anti rightest campaign” that targeted intellectuals and anyone with an independent mind. Mao’s Anti rightest campaign allowed him to continue on with GLF plan without any constraints from the party. The Great Leap forward can be seen as a simple intensification of the Big push strategy; there were massive increases in the rate at which resources were transferred from agriculture to industry. Mao implemented the idea of “communes” in the countryside. A commune was a large-scale combination of governmental and economic functions. It was used to mobilize labor for construction projects, provide social series and develop rural small-scale industries. Mao rejected material incentives and monetary rewards, bonuses were eliminated and free markets were shut down. In 1958, there was a spectacular autumn harvest (grain); Leaders were blinded because of growth in industries. Agricultural workers were moved to rural factories and Agricultural workers were told to reduce the acreage

After the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao decided to try another reform - The Great Leap Forward. During this time period, Mao created communes for all peasants to live in, and gathered the food from the peasants to send to other places. He had some peasants work on making steel instead of food as well (Li, 172). However, Mao sent more food out to other places than they produced, resulting in a food shortage, and the creation of poor steel, since the peasants had no idea how to create it. This sent China into a period with major lack of food, resulting in the starvation of millions of peasants, and eventually their deaths (Spodek, 778). When asked about production, worker Qi Youyi responded with “All we did was produce steel and nothing else. We didn’t produce anything useful. How could we?” (Youyi, Qi). Also, since the amount of food was less than the government thought it would be, they suspected peasants of stealing the rice, and tortured and killed thousands as an attempt to extract confessions (Li, 172). The Great Leap Forward resulted in the violations of the human rights “You have the right to have your basic needs met” (Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21) and “Torture is forbidden at all times and in all circumstances” (Declaration of Human

The Communist fervor that gripped mainland China under Mao Zedong’s rule had lasting effects on the economy and culture. In particular, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution devastated rural and peasant populations, leading to fatal consequences for a large portion of the chinese demographic. The Great Leap Forward was an attempt at socializing the chinese economy almost ten years after the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. Property and businesses were stripped from private owners by the government and given to community leaders to run with the help of community members. Unfortunately, revolutionary passion blinded community leaders and the government. The former over reported food production while the latter continued to support a failing economic structure and policy. This lead to the Great Chinese Famine, and a decline in economic productivity and revolutionary zeal. The Great Cultural Revolution was meant to reinvigorate the revolutionary spirit. Launched several years after the failure of the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution targeted the youth. A successful propaganda campaign mobilized groups of mostly disadvantaged youth (red guards) and the working class to purge those antithetical to the movement. Millions were killed in the resulting class warfare which targeted capitalists, rightists, and landlords. The effects of these influential events are still explored in modern chinese cinema many years after their occurrence. An

Mao was unsuccessful at modernizing China with the Great Leap Forward. The Great Leap Forward was an effort made by the communist party of China under the leader of Mao to transform China into a society capable of competing with the other industrialized nations. It occurred in 1958 through 1961. People were forced to work for the community and not for themselves. To begin, the Great Leap Forward put people on the most minimal of food. Wan Erxi manages to find a doctor to oversee the birth, removing him from confinement, but he is very weak from starvation. That shows the Great Leap Forward was unsuccessful because about 20 million people died of starvation or diseases related to starvation. In addition, produced farm machines produced in factories

At first The Great Leap Forward seemed to be a terrible mistake and failure, estimations have been made that up to 20 million people lost their life’s as a result of it in 1959-63. However, if we look at the results of the Great Leap over a longer time-period, you can argue that The Great Leap Forward and Mao’s policies turned out successful and that it has enabled the development of an economic world power which is China today. Mao always followed a Russian model of communism to some extent, although he changed some of the ways the economic policies were directed, in a way that he thought it would fit Chinas

The fall of the Great Leap Forward had verified that Mao did not know exactly what he was doing, despite Mao taking the personal liberty of stepping down as Chairman of the PRC. However, it was not enough to satisfy people because high officials had begun to see through Mao seeing as they knew the truth about the famine and how deadly it was. Most people who did not live in the countryside did not know the extent of how cruel the famine was or the fact that there was even a famine. In the memoir Spider Eaters by Rae Yang, the author writes a whole chapter on the notorious famine she mentions, "Most people who lived in cities were unaware of the link between the Great Leap Forward and the famine" (61). Yang is aware of the correlation between the two events, unlike others at this time. This plays a part in helping Yang becoming disillusioned of how superior Mao truly is. Although in that same chapter Yang does not talk about the how gruesome the deaths were or how people were just left to die on their own, she at least acknowledges that the Great Leap forward created a cultural shift in a China. Because in the beginning of the next chapter Yang writes, “The Great Leap Forward and the famine were like

The Great Leap Forward is one of the reason, because the misunderstanding of the basic theory of the socialism and erroneous decision. For catch up the American, the supreme leader of the Communist Party Mao Zedong set a course for the accelerated construction of communism by various means. The policy rate has been named the "three red banners": the new General Line, The Great Leap Forward and People 's Communes. “The Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong’s disastrous experiment in collectivized agricultural, killed some 30 million Chinese, perhaps more, between 1958 and 1962” (Mitter, 156). The meaning of The Great Leap Forward in the economy was limited to the need for rapid modernization that the understanding of the Chinese leadership came down to the idea of catch up and overtake the Western countries for the production of basic goods, primarily in steelmaking, for products heavy industry (Mitter, 194). Moreover, the

The Great Leap Forward was a creative yet disastrous interruption in Chinese economic development. It is one of those "moments" in Chinese history that is the epitome of Mao Zedong's willingness to experiment, as well as his political genius in seizing control of the forms of government out of the hands of his intellectual and political adversaries within the Communist Party of China. Given that more conservative leaders, such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, were not in agreement with Mao on the policies of the Great Leap Forward. The implementation of these policies resulted in disaster, generating a crisis in Chinese society as well as a massive famine that would in the end be resolved in ways unfavorable to Mao's political, economic,

The land redistribution program for the peasants was positively accepted such that Mao believed that the next step, the Great Leap Forward, would also be successful. Unfortunately, the program failed because the rural collectives did not accomplish the economic and administrative tasks assigned to them. Instead, the program was established in the wrong moment due to bad weather, which contributed to the downward trend of food production. Furthermore, many peasants resisted the efforts to work, thus it also contributed to millions of people dying from starvation in the next several years.

The Great Leap Forward is well-known for the failed economic and social campaign started by the Communist Party of China in between 1958 to 1961. The Communist triumph in China by mobilization of peasants and civilians to fend off Japanese military during World War II and the Nationalist soldiers in the civil war between 1946 and 1949. After the success of using the man power throughout the mobilization, the Party believed that they could apply the same method for the economic development. Before the Communist Party took over the country in 1949, China was in under poor agriculture based economy with its infancy level of industrialization which makes China remaining in less developed country. The majority of the population in the rural area lived upon the labor-intensive farming. In order to alleviate regarding issue, Mao assured that the central government need to induce the nation to focus on “the transition from socialism to communism” for the entire country (Mesiner, 1977, p. 227). The socialist state of the nation was yet to be consolidated in the beginning of 1958. The reorganization of the country from socialism to communism portrayed as idealistic idea under impoverished state. Nevertheless, the Party considered this immature state of socialist society as an opportunity to improve the nation as whole. In 1958, the new Chinese Communist Party initiated the Great Leap Forward movement which implementing the collectivization by merging small group of local farmers into