Concepts and Philosophies
Discuss why scale and resolution are important for your dissertation research
Scale can be a confusing definition in geography with its multiple referents. “Scale is about size, either relative or absolute, and involves a fundamental set of issues in geography. Scale primarily concerns space in geography. However, the domains of temporal and thematic scale are also important to geographers. Temporal scale deals with the size of time units, thematic scale with the grouping of entities or attributes such as people or weather variables. Whether spatial, temporal, or thematic, scale in fact has several meanings in geography.” (Montello, 2001) .The definition of resolution on the other hand is more straight
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from soil sample to cantena to catchment or watershed. The problem with this is that generalisations made at one level or scale does not always hold at other scales. Sampling can be done at the regional scale with sampling the sediment load at mouth of river to estimate catchment erosion.
Scale and resolution are very important for dissertation research as they help monitor the environment via measuring cross sections with stratigraphic logging, this is not trying to control realist but still interfering. An act of measurement is always considered an act of intervention. There is less control over variables in final based experiments such as erosion plots, but still want to replicate variability present in reality. However there are scaling issues – strict scaling of materials and forces cannot be applied. Experiments (laboratory and numerical) are the most extreme form of intervention:
• Selected variables and relations
• Controlled and maintained
• Magnitude and frequency compared to real world
The implications of reality, are to provide “what if” scenarios where manipulation of reality at sufficient scale is not possible. Channel-Hill slope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model, this Computes time evolution of a topographic surface z(x,y,t) by erosion (fluvial, hill slope) and sediment transport. CHILD computes the evolution of topography and stratigraphy in response to erosion and sediment transport by gravitational, fluvial, and tectonic
1. How has soil erosion from agricultural lands modified sediment transport, erosion, and deposition in rivers? When trees are cleared away for agricultural purposes, soil erosion increases drastically. Erosion increases due to the elimination of vegetation, so sediment transportation increases because less trees result in easier transportation of eroded soils, which in turn increases the deposition of sediments in rivers. Intensive use of agricultural areas is also a cause of erosion; it strips away the topsoil. We obviously must grow food, but we can be more responsible with the land we have to do so. Agricultural erosion can be reduced by practicing balanced rotations and establishing a solid vegetation cover. Taking these prevention steps
The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and its plants and animals and also to investigate the history of the local environment, comprising human impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.
Any rainfall increases fluvial erosion. When rain does fall, this creates ephemeral streams causing water erosion due to fast forces of water. Flash floods are possible as well creating even more erosion.
The vegetation surface type affects runoff since it is in contact with the soil. Once the soil absorbs all the water it can hold, the rest undergoes runoff. Through force of gravity, it moves downslope to other areas, carrying soil particles and sediments along. However, more vegetation cover results in less runoff while less cover results in more soil erosion.
In this Geography GCSE controlled assessment project, I will be focusing on rivers and I have chosen a hypothesis to prove that erosion is making an impact on the Loughton Brook Rivers. My hypothesis is, “The river Loughton brook becomes wider and deeper due to erosion as it moves downstream”. I will be investigating if erosion takes place downstream in the river. I will investigate if hydraulic action has an impact. I will study about vertical erosion, lateral erosion, Cross profile and hydraulic action.
Hess, D., & Tasa, D. (n.d.). McKnight's physical geography: A landscape appreciation (Eleventh edition, International ed.).
There are six different types of water erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, valley or stream erosion, and bank erosion. Splash erosion is when raindrops hit soil and small soil particles are displaced. Sheet erosion is when raindrops remove soil in thin layers. During rill erosion, small concentrated flow paths are created. “These paths create a sediment source and delivery system for hillslope erosion. Areas where precipitation rates exceed soil infiltration rates are more prone to this type of erosion. During gully erosion, water flows in narrow channels during or after heavy rains or melting snow. The gullies can erode to considerable depths. Valley or stream erosion is created by water flowing alongside land. It extends downward, deepening a valley, and extending the valley into the hillside. This occurs more frequently
Some amount of natural erosion is necessary to provide the sediment for beaches in estuaries and coastal bays. However, excessive erosion has occurred in the past due to development. Industrial and private development along the world’s coastlines has increased dramatically since the 1970s (Nepf). Developers and builders completed much of this construction without taking into account the effects of coastal erosion. New buildings were often placed too close to the existing shoreline so that
Soil erosion threatens soil fertility due to nutrient and organic matter loss, while also decreasing water quality through increased turbidity (umich.edu). During the last dust bowl in the 1930's more than 30 million hectares were severely damaged in parts of Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado (umich.edu). The Dust Bowl was primarily caused by the two factors of: 1) loss of long rooted grasses due to the plowing of the prairies and 2) a period of relative drought (umich.edu).
A catchment area is where water is collected by the natural landscape. This would mean that all rain and run-off waters flow to a river, creek, lake, dam or ocean. Hence, this makes water a carrier of many contaminants that can cause diseases.
A child/'s first educators are usually their parents/carers. By working in an successful partnership you can help build on and strengthen their learning, therefore reducing the huge pressure on the child/ children's parents or carers. Often by supporting the child's parents or carers, you'r helping them to get more enjoyment and understanding from their child or children, whilst simulatously improving the parents/carers views and self image as a parent or carer. You must share information about the child's progress, achievements, and milestones such as successfully potty training and/ or trying a variety of new foods with the child/ children parents/ carers. The type of information you share, usually strengthens your partnership, and occasionally will encourage the parents/ carers to carry on certain aspects of their child's learning at home.
Alluvial streams form in the sediments they transport and deposit, and channel morphology is a reflection of this process (Church, 2006). In arid environments, flood flows
The debate of climate driven or tectonic driven valley incision has many factors. Both suggestions provide relevant evidence to support the ideas. Climate driven valley incision indicates that the glacial-interglacial model dominates as the river progresses through cold and warm phases the erosion rates increase and decrease as it changes from each phases. Also changes to the sea level mean as it rises, the discharge of a river will change. Sea level rise as suggested by the IPCC 2014 report (Wong et al., 2014), has occurred from climatic changes and global warming which has caused glaciers to melt and 80% of global sea level rise has happened because of this. Erosional rates of incision can be controlled by factors such as temperature and precipitation which are controls of climate and
Erosion can hardly be managed, and the best way to help erosion is to not let it happen to begin with. In developing countries, more and more erosion has been discovered due to the lack of knowledge and care for the landscapes (Lal et al 2001). Keeping vegetation on the soil surface as a cover is the major key to keeping erosion away from the landscapes (Herrick and Duniway 2014). Nebraska deals with mainly wind and gully erosion, but in places with a beach, managers and public are starting to see beach erosion, which will actually result in property losses (Fischer et al 1990; Sorenson Dronen Knudsen Jensen 2016). No matter what type of erosion, because of the increase in population of humans, erosion needs to be considered and managed for so that our landscapes will have a fighting
Quantitative and Qualitative are said to be systematic in different design. Both design have to follow a process system that involved defining a principle of research.