Discussion Of Issue And Related Theory

It remains clear that professionals within the primary care sector are not receiving adequate training in mental health care. They do not have sufficient knowledge of mental health and many do not possess the general skills required day to day when working with mental health service users (DoH, 2012, pg5, online). This is supported by Good Medical Practice (2006),(General Medical Council, GMC) which sets out the principle guidance for GPs offers no mention of individuals with mental health issues, suggesting that this document is based solely on the general population and does not taking into account the differing needs of those with mental health issues. A programme that was introduced in Wales in 2011 provides Mental Health First Aid Training to a large group of service providers including primary care. It teaches them to provide initial help to someone experiencing mental health problems, deal with a crisis situation or the first signs of someone developing

In my experience, small towns often lack the mental health competencies and capabilities necessary to meet the challenges that face their citizens both individually and collectively. Having volunteered more than 300 hours in small communities, numerous shortfalls and gaps as it related to treatment and psychoeducation were discovered. As a result of these findings, I would like to devote time and research to such areas in order to establish and implement community based programs that will allow for mentally healthy

Throughout the years public health efforts have evolved in order to meet health care need of populations. Despite advances the United States continues to have high morbidity rates of individuals with chronic illness. Adding to the rates, many Americans are suffering from mental health disorders. The issue caused many research studies to focus on integrating behavioral health and primary care in order to reduce health disparities in the nation. This paper will analyze how the integration of behavioral health in primary care facilities help serve the need of our population.

One area where access to care is a problem is in the rural communities. Healthcare professionals including physicians, nurse practitioners, and nurses all affect the quality and cost of care (Derksen, & Whelan, 2009). Going forward importance needs to be placed on using recourses more efficiently and effectively; these resources include but are not limited to tests, prescriptions,

The concept of environment and its integral role in the delivery of nursing care was among the first identified and documented nursing theory since its early days. Florence Nightingale pioneered the profession of nursing and along with it, pioneered the concept of nursing theory. Her environmental theory was patient focused and incorporated five environmental components needed to promote health. Jarrin (2012) supported that the role of nursing is to promote the best possible environment for the patient to assist in their natural reparative process. According to Rahim (2013), as considered as the profession’s first nurse theorist, Florence Nightingale provided the essential foundation in environmental theory. She believed

Rural residents need access to healthcare. These residents should have the ability to receive primary care in a convenient setting and do it confidently. “According to healthy People 2020, access to healthcare is

I will be summarizing Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not by Florence Nightingale. Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not was first published in 1860 with the last edition being published in 1969 (Adams-Wending, 2010). Nightingale’s theory addresses the importance of providing an environment that is conducive to the healing process for patients (Nightingale, 1860). Nightingale’s theory of the environment was based off the idea that disease was caused by smell of decomposing matter (Adams-Wending, 2010). The theory is broken down into thirteen “canons” of nursing (Nightingale, 1860). The thirteen topics within this theory are: ventilation and warming, health of houses, petty management, noise, variety, taking food, what food?, bed and bedding, cleanliness of rooms and walls, personal cleanliness, chattering of hope and advices, and observations of the sick. Nightingale (1860) states that ventilation is to make the air the patient breaths as fresh as the air outside. This also goes into detail of removing chamber pots

The real challenges in the rural areas in America is to sustain a recommended number of health practitioners because if more are trained than the required the demand will be less and supply high and the costs will be great for the federal government. If the number of physicians is, too few the rural people will continue to suffer from health related issues due to hardships in getting the health care. Thus, the shortage of health physicians in rural America is

Florence Nightingale developed the environmental model theory of nursing. Nery, (2015) states that Florence Nightingale’s environmental theory of nursing, “focus primarily on the environment, interpreted as all external conditions and influences that affect the life and development of an organism, that are able to prevent, suppress or contribute to disease and death.” The four metaparadigm concepts of this theory consist of person, environment, nursing, and health. Within this theory, the patient is being cared for by the nurse, has been influenced by the environment, and has reparative powers (“Nursing Theories, 2011). Nightingale’s theory does not have a clear definition of the person; however, it can be inferred that the person correlates “in relation to the environment and the impact of the environment on the person’s health status” (Butts & Rich, 2018). The highlight of Nightingale’s theory is the environment. Both the external and internal environment needs to be in sanitary conditions. The environment concept of this theory contains “physical, psychological, and social” factors (“Nursing Theories, 2011). The goal of the nurse is the control the patient’s environment to achieve ideal health for the patient. Nightingale’s theory did not define health; however, she stated that nature itself can heal ailments (Butts & Rich, 2018). Nightingale (1859) stated that health is ‘not only to be well, but able to use well every power we have to use it.”

Due to the challenging and changing nature of nursing, many philosophies and theories have been advanced to guide nursing practice, education, and research, and although these nursing practices have changed drastically, some of the initial guidelines have remained consistent in time and are still seen today. Many nurses who serve in resource-scarce settings have stuck to the biomedical model stance of nursing, which was unable to meet all the concerns in managing their clients. Florence Nightingale who served as a nurse during the Crimean war developed her own models of nursing along with the environment, which stated that nurses are able to mediate and manipulate the environment to put the client in the optimal condition for nature to act upon (Pfettscher, Graff, Tomey, Mossman & Slebodnik, 2014). Nightingale’s model of nursing and the environment theories are easily adaptable as well as applicable to numerous client care settings, some of which are being used by Toronto’s Homeless and Corrections Team in trying to decrease Tuberculosis amongst Toronto’s homeless population.

(Bair, 2012) The idea of caring for every aspect of the patient, rather than just the physical body, is one that dates back to Florence Nightingale herself, a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the founder of modern nursing. (Selanders & Crane, 2012) One of her nursing theories is the Environmental Theory, which focuses on the inclusion of the patients' surrounding environment in their nursing care plan. Nightingale’s observations taught her that unsanitary environments contribute greatly to poor health, and slow recovery times. (Petiprin 2016) This theory provided a basis for holistic care, and is still applicable today. (Medeiros, Enders, Lira 2014; Pirani 2015)

Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 in Florence, Italy; much of her strong educational underpinnings were said to be passed down from her father’s love of speculative thought, humanism and liberal thinking. Her father’s beliefs on educating women was far ahead of his time. (Parker, 2006) Her early fostering of education and her ability to apply inductive reasoning are the foundations in which she built her well renowned ‘environmental theory’ on. Although many that have written biographies on her do not define her as a theorist but yet a politician and health care reformist. Nightingale’s work was ground-breaking for modern nursing today, much of her philosophies and concepts were the basis is which developed the metaparadigm of nursing in which we follow and create our own theories on. The metaparadigm of nursing is made up of four different concepts which include nursing, client, health, and environment; Florence Nightingale does focus a lot of her ideas centrally around environment. However, she does indirectly and directly discuss the remainder three concepts all throughout her notes on nursing. As reference in an article by Terri Zebrowsky, Nightingales environmental theory could be best described as model which focuses on the client be at the center and that the environment is simply a factor in sustaining balance for the client, if there is something that seems to create an unbalanced surrounding then it is up to the nurse to re-implement balance in the client’s

Scope of services: In addition to early diagnosis and treatment of common mental disorders in the community, the other advantage is that patients who are stable can be seen in satellite clinics after discharge from the tertiary care hospital facilities, thus reducing the workload on the tertiary hospitals at the same time benefiting the client in terms of reduced travel expenses and reduced wait period for consultation. A closely knit community also helps to provide reliable information on the prevalent social and cultural beliefs which are relevant for the diagnosis and management of mental health problems. Such clinics also provide a framework for primary prevention of mental disorders. There is also an opportunity to understand the reasons for the treatment gap and how to

Nearly 70 million Americans live in rural areas (Gorski, 2011). A rural area is “defined generally in terms of the geographic location and population density or the distance from or the time needed to commute to an urban center” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014, p. 390). Due to this geographic isolation, healthcare facilities are limited and healthcare practitioners are scarce (Gorski, 2011). Rural residents are characterized as poorer, underinsured or uninsured, with fewer years of education. Related to the lack of education, these residents do not engage in preventative practices to improve health. For example, they are more likely to smoke and drink alcohol and less likely to routinely exercise, which results in higher obesity rates as well as high cholesterol and high blood pressure (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). In order to effectively care for the rural community, it is imperative that the healthcare worker respect the rural culture. A fine line exists between the nurse and the rural resident, for the nurse must understand the rural culture and remember to be sensitive to the cultural differences. If the client senses a negative or judgmental attitude, then a lack of trust will develop. “Providers’ attitudes, insights, and knowledge about rural populations are important…In developing community health programs that are available, accessible, affordable, and appropriate, nurses must design strategies and implement interventions that mesh with a client’s

As seen above, although there is an overall imbalance between the supply and demand of mental health care throughout the country, rural areas are most affected. Various factors influence health care workers’ decision to avoid the rural localities, one of which is the unfavorable living conditions in these areas. Many of the rural areas do not offer the luxury or prestige that most of the health workers desire in the modern age. For example, the housing facilities may not match those that they can find in a modern city. The rural areas are also likely to like the modern transport infrastructure that is enticing to many graduates. Moreover, staying in such localities may mean limited access to technology, something that the modern age physicians may not agree to. They, therefore, opt for the urban centers where there is better housing, better transport means, and easier access to diverse technologies. This intensifies the already high shortage of mental health care workers.