Discussion Questions On The Difference Between Genomic And Plasmid Dna

- The most common method is with an agrobacterium. Since bacteria reproduce quickly, it’s easy to create the same

Unknown bacteria determined to be Alcaligenes faecalis because of its morphological, physiological and metabolic properties.

This lab is about moving genes from one thing to another using plasmids. Plasmid has the ability to replicate, so it replicates independently, and separately from the chromosomal DNA. Plasmid are one or more small piece of DNA and they enter cells as a double strand DNA. When they enter the cell as a doubke strand they do not invade he chromosomal DNA. We will also transform bacteria into GFP which is mainly from the jelly fish Aequorea Victoria. The GFP causes the the jelly fish to fluorescent and glow in the dark. After the transformation, bacteria starts to make the GFP which causes them to glow a green color under a ultraviolet light.

134). They are loops of DNA that are separate from the chromosomal DNA and can self-replicate in a cell, found mostly in bacteria (Brown, 2011; Addgene, 2015). Lederberg and William Hayes discovered that plasmids were being transferred from one cell to another, not the chromosomal DNA (Brown, 2011, p. 135). This discovery lead to plasmids being an essential tool for scientists. Scientists can engineer plasmids to have specific genes to introduce into new cells (Brown, 2011, p. 134). On a plasmid loop there will be an origin of replication (ORI) and a multiple cloning site (MCS) where the gene of interest is inserted (Bio-Rad, 2015). This region has specific restriction enzyme recognition sites, which are cut by the enzymes to open up the DNA where the new gene will be inserted (Jove Science Education Database, 2015). Most plasmids will also contain an antibiotic resistance gene allowing cell survival in environments containing antibiotics (Jove Science Education Database, 2015).

The goal of the restriction digests is to be able to cut the plasmids at specific sites. This step

Bacterial plasmids differ from bacterial chromosomes by not being essential to bacterial growth and metabolism. They are extracellular chromosomes that contain DNA. Bacterial chromosomes are essential for bacterial survival.

How does the addition of pGLO plasmid to a solution containing E. coli bacteria affect the growth and characteristics of the bacteria? Genetic transformation is the incorporation of foreign DNA into an organism to potentially change the organism’s trait. Plasmids are small circular DNA that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. In nature, these plasmids can be transferred between bacteria allowing for the sharing of beneficial genes. Due to this characteristic, plasmids allow for genetic manipulation and can be moved between bacteria easily. The pGLO plasmid utilized in this experiment encodes the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), which under the right conditions can produce a glow. The gene regulation system present in the pGLO plasmid requires

Plasmids are small double stranded circular non chromosomal DNA molecules containing their own origin of replication. Hence, they are capable of replication independent of the chromosomal DNA in bacteria. Plasmids present in one or more copies per cell, can carry extra chromosomal DNA from one cell to another cell and serve as tools to clone and manipulate genes. Plasmids used exclusively for this purpose are known as vectors. The genes of interest can be inserted into these vector plasmids creating a recombinant plasmid. Recombinant plasmids can play a significant role in gene therapy, DNA vaccination, and drug delivery [Rapley, 2000].

A basic method in which we get specific genes integrated with another organism’s chromosome is as follows: Isolate the DNA from which selected gene is to be taken from and treat it with enzymes that will cut out that specific gene. These genes are then inserted into bacteria and grown into colonies being

One of the four ways that bacteria can increase their genetic diversity is by conjugation. This is a process by which a bacterium can transfer genetic material to another bacterium of different mating type, through direct contact. During conjugation one bacterium is going to be the receptor of the genetic material while the other is going to be the donor. The donor bacterium is going to grow a tube-like structure called a pilus, which is going to be used to contact the other bacterium and to transfer the genetic material. Usually these genetic material is going to have the form of plasmid, which are small circular pieces of non-chromosomal DNA. Another method that bacteria have developed in order to acquire different DNA is transformation. These is a process by which some bacteria can get pieces of DNA from the external environment, under certain circumstances. Transformation occur naturally in Bacillus, and some Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. The third means by which bacteria obtain new DNA is by the acquisition of plasmids. These plasmids can travel between bacteria of the same or different species, and the act like parasitic pieces of DNA that infect bacteria. Usually these plasmids are not required for the normal function of bacteria and is often expel by them, unless it contains material beneficial

My best bacterial friend has genes that has antibiotic resistance that I must have. There are many different ways for me to get ahold of them or transferred into my genes. One way to receive the gene is by the use of a plasmid. A plasmid is circular piece of replicating dna that is separate from chromosomal dna. In order to manipulate the plasmids, i will need to mutate them by using restriction enzymes, PCR, and ligation. Being able to use restriction enzymes to cut portions of genomes and have them inserted into a plasmid, make it easy for mutations (mutagenesis) to occur. Also, PCR can enable mutagenesis. Each plasmid is mapped out with information that includes the restriction enzyme sites and the origins of their replications. I could

Isolation of plasmid DNA from three cultures of E.coli using a method known as the alkaline lysis method.

Plasmids are small circles of DNA, which carry additional genes and are used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells. DNA is always circular, and not associated with any proteins to form chromatin, it carries the genes for the proteins the cell needs. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles, like

Bacterial transformation is the process of moving genes from a living thing to another with the help of a plasmid.The plasmid is able to help replicate the chromosomes by themselves; laboratories use these to aid in gene multiplication. Bacterial transformation is relevant in everyday lives due to the fact that almost all plasmids carry a bacterial origin of replication and an antibiotic resistance gene(“Addgene: Protocol - How to Do a Bacterial

Plasmid DNA with Restriction Digest: The purpose of restriction digest of plasmid DNA is to understand how each DNA plasmids was cut with the given restriction enzymes and perform gel electrophoresis to observe the samples. Nine restriction digests were created, containing three digests for each of the three plasmid DNAs identifying as recombinant, non-recombinant, and unknown. Out of the nine digests, six are actual digests and three are undigested controls. A master mix is created to add to each of the nine samples with its following stock ingredients: 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 1 ul of Nco1, X ul of sterile water (Single digest), 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 10 ul plasmid DNA, 1 ul Nco1, 1 ul of Not1, and X ul of sterile water (Double