Diseases Caused By Infectious Agents Has A Negative Effect On Human Culture And Biology

believed that genetically aberrant hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria."(2) It has also been said that, "People with a single copy of a particular genetic mutation [sickle cell trait] have a survival advantage. One copy of the mutation confers a benefit." (3) Its quite interesting to find that original purpose of this gene was

Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits two abnormal genes (one from each parent) that cause their red blood cells to change shape. Instead of being flexible and round, these cells are more rigid and curved in the shape of the farm tool known as a sickle - that's where the disease gets its name. The shape

Sickle Cell Disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that occurs due to a mutation in the β-globin gene of hemoglobin. Autosomal meaning that it is not linked to a sex chromosome, so either parent can pass on the gene to their child. This mutation is a result of a single substitution of amino acids, Glutamic for Valine at position 6 of a β globin chain. The presence of this mutation causes

Among human beings, Sickle-Cell Anemia is a particularly well-studied example of adaptation. This chapter teaches me that Sickle-Cell Anemia is a painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change shape and clog the finest parts of the circulatory system (page 57). Sickle- Cell changes their shape from the usual discs to shrunken sickle shapes. These sickle shaped red blood cell gives the disease its name. This type of disease is caused by a genetic mutation in a single base of the hemoglobin genes (page 58). It is considered that this disease is the result of when two abnormal Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that passed down from parents to child as an autosomal recessive pattern. I don't not know anyone personally with

When Malaria is present and infects red blood cells, parasites can infect cells carrying defective hemoglobin which may result in death. Allele frequency changes over time depending on the pressures or circumstances facing a particular population. African populations are especially impacted by both malaria and sickle cell anemia. Depending on the impacted population, allele frequency often shifts and well suited organisms are likely to survive and allele frequencies can increase. When a population is effected by disease or other circumstances, allele frequency may decrease or change. HbA (normal hemoglobin) and HbS (defective hemoglobin) have varying frequencies and while the HbS gene is present in populations it is

This mutation paper is to give information on the Sickle Cell disease. This is a negative disease to have because the Sickle Cell Disease decreases the health of the person that has the disease and limits what they can and cannot do. Sickle Cell Disease is a red blood cell disease that causes ab normal hemoglobin to from in the veins. Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen throughout the body to help with the respiratory system. The cause of the genetic mutation is inheritance or getting the disease from the parents the disease is found on chromosome 13 while the hemoglobin is still in beta phase on gene HB A. The disease typically shows symptoms within the first 5 to 6 months of birth and being diagnosed with Sickle Cell Disease. The symptoms include painful swelling on the hands and feet, and Jaundice, which causes a white color to form under the eyes, and turns the skin color yellow.

In this article, sickle cell anemia is defined as a hereditary disease that destroys red blood cells by causing them take on an elongated and rigid "sickle" shape. In addition, a different type of hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S, is the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. This protein starts to wrap around other red blood cells when oxygen is lacking to form a helical shape. Once this happens the cells cluster together and elongate and the cells start to "sickle". A person who has sickle cell anemia can only get it if both of their parents carry the sickle cell trait, if only one parent has the trait then there children are at risk for having the trait.

Sickle Cell Anaemia is a heredity disorder in which the red blood cells are affected by altering into a mutated-form of haemoglobin, most commonly at low oxygen levels. The altered-form of haemoglobin are crescent-shape; which are not flexible and can easily block the blood flow in smaller blood vessels and arteries (refer to figure 1). When both alleles inherited carry the sickle cell anaemia disease; 100% of the body’s haemoglobin will mutate into the sickle (crescent) shape. Sickle cell disease is the codominance of only one inherited sickled allele, in which; the carrier can pass the disorder but does not express any significant symptoms or the anaemia itself. Sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, thus both alleles must

Thousands of years ago, a genetic mutation occurred in people from the Mediterranean basin, India, Africa, and the Middle East. As the Malaria Epidemic attacked people of these countries, carriers of the defective hemoglobin gene survived. Carrying one defective gene means that a person has a sickle cell trait. Two parents with the trait will produce a child with sickle cell anemia. People of these countries migrated and spread to other areas. In the Western Hemisphere, where malaria is not much of a problem, having the abnormal hemoglobin gene has lost its advantage. Any child born from parents that each has the trait will be born with the disease.

The individuals that had AS, which is heterozygous for hemoglobin and sickle-cell anemia, maintained a higher survival rate in the wet areas of Kenya. The population that was heterozygous for hemoglobin and sickle-cell anemia would not contract malaria, or they would contract malaria, but be capable of living from the disease. The individuals that are heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia and hemoglobin are an excellent example of natural selection affecting the genotype of a population in a specific area; the people in Kenya acquired a drastic increase in percentage of those with the gene that is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia and hemoglobin.

Sickle-cell disease majorly affects the hemoglobin that is present in our blood. The job of hemoglobin is to help transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells throughout our body. Hemoglobin is present specifically in our red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains two hundred and eighty million hemoglobin molecules. Red blood cells normal shape is a biconcave shape because of the lack of many organelles and a nucleus. The shape is so important to a red blood cells functioning that if it is not shaped normally it has major consequences. The shape helps them to fit through capillaries easier and also allows for an increased surface area which results in easier gas exchange. Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that causes issues in the oxygen/carbon dioxide carrying hemoglobin molecules that are present in our red blood cells.

Sickle cell disease is a group of diseases in which the affected individual has at least one copy of hemoglobin S (HbS). Sickle cell anemia is a type of sickle cell disease in which the patient inherits 2 copies of hemoglobin S (genotype HbSS). There are other examples of sickle cell disease; they include- HbAS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute). The focus of this article would be on Sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is seen predominantly among Africans but is also seen in people of Mediterranean origin and the Middle East. It occurs in approximately 1:500 African American births and 1:36,000 Hispanic American births. About 2 million people in the United States have acquired the sickle cell trait (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). The disease is caused by a point mutation in position 6 of the beta subunit of the hemoglobin gene which results in substitution of the amino acid valine in place of glutamic acid. There is a single nucleotide substitution (A to T) in the codon for amino acid 6. The change converts a glutamic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG) (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute).

Essentially, there is an incorrect base- pair change when the Deoxyribonucleic Acid strand are being duplicated, exchanging the “the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine causing the mutated hemoglobin (HbS) to polymerize” or change the shape of each cell (Adams1). The most severe form of Sickle Cell Disease is Hemoglobin SS, in which both parents are carriers of Sickle Cell gene, “SS”, and ultimately reproduce a child that has SCD. In Hemoglobin SC, one parent has the gene “S” while the other has the trait “C”, thus having a milder form of Sickle Cell Disease (Stuart7). Sickle Cell Anemia or Hemoglobin S beta thalassemia is another form of SCD, where one parent has the “S” gene while the other parent has an additional form of anemia or thalassemia (CDC5). Due to the constricting shape of the erythrocytes, the blood cells began to die at an alarming rate causing the body to be deprived of oxygen, creating a number of other health complications. Stroke, neurocognitive functions, infections and the increased risk of death can occur if left untreated. Amongst individuals with SCD, the risk of having a stroke is increased, especially in children (Adams1). Stroke is said to be caused by the constriction of blood vessels and lack of oxygen in the brain that is associated with Sickle Cell Disease. However, because of the stroke increase in

Sickle Cell Anemia or (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder across the entire world it is an inherited genetic condition giving to you by both your mother and father that affects your hemoglobin. There is a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make hemoglobin (a red iron rich compound that gives blood its red color). There are over 600 million hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell (Brown, M. (2012)). The purpose of hemoglobin is allow red blood cells to carry carbon dioxide, and oxygen from your lungs to all parts of the body. People with sickle cell disease inherit the s gene from abnormal hemoglobin from both parents, you usually find out you have this disease at birth. A blood test is giving to all newborns to look for the s gene known as the sickle cell gene.

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition that makes the red blood cells appear sickle shaped and unable to function well. Red blood cells play a role in transport of oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues as a waste product. Thus in a person with sickle cell anemia, delivery of oxygen and removal of waste gas compromised. Some of the symptoms of this condition include shortness of breath during light exercise like climbing stairs, dizziness and may ultimately lead to death if not managed quickly.