Dispersion of Different Silane Modified TiO2 Rutile Nanoparticles in Various Organic Solvents.

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter on the molecular scale, can be applied to numerous scientific fields, such as medicine, surface chemistry, micro fabrication, and organic chemistry (Destito, Schneemann & Manchester, 2009). In general, these small-sized particles are used to improve the functioning of commercial products and, in the subsection of nanomedicine, are used for therapeutics, tumor targeting, and vaccines (Crisci, Bárcena & Montoya, 2012). For example, the use of molecular nanotechnology improves vehicle fuel cells and catalytic converters, helps filter wastewater, and strengthens commercial products, such as bowling balls and glue. (Doll et. al., 2012). Harisinghani, through multiple experiments, also discovered that nanoparticles such as iron oxide can be used to image lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer (Destito et. al., 2009). However, even with their vast range of applications, nanotechnology continues to raise issues on its toxicity and negative impact on the environment (Destito et. al., 2009).

This promising method may address the TFN particle orientation challenge and may reduce expensive particle usage. Interestingly, at the optimum loading which is 0.005 w/v%, the filler particle size, whether 75 nm or 150 nm, has no significant effect on the membrane performance. However, due to the difference in the diffusion path of the particle and the number of the particle (8 times difference), there should be a difference. This may indicate the performance enhancement may be related to the polymer but not the particle incorporation. However, at higher loadings, the permeability increases with the particle size and decreases with the loading.

In practice, one of the most widely used polymers is PDMS because it is a material that has good partitioning properties such as low mass transfer resistance for hydrophobic and nonpolar compounds (Mayer et al. 6148) and recently there has been many studies investigating PDMS absorptive properties, however, only a few have focused on the ability of PDMS to release absorbed chemicals into water. In general, experiments have proven that PDMS can be used to calculate the equilibrium concentrations of many different compounds dissolved in water once the concentrations of these analytes absorbed in the pellets are determined. Since PDMS is not affected by the nature of the matrices or by exposure to hydrophilic chemicals, it can be used for

Nanofibers have basic applications in the zone of filtration since their surface zone is significantly more unmistakable and have smaller micropores than relax blown

P123, a nonionic surfactant, is easy to separate, biodegradable, nontoxic and not costly to purchase (Stevens et al. 2006), (Zhao et al. 1998). P123 has the potentials to template ordered mesoporous materials and also to form more stable mesoporous silica materials (Kipkemboi et al. 2001).

It is widely applied to the hydrogels as biomaterials. Mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide and water have also been used in biological applications ranging from antibacterial activity to membrane permeability [1]. Polymer solvent interaction affects significantly the physical and chemical properties of polymer solutions. Formations of co-solvents play an important role on the preferential adsorption phenomenon of the solution properties of a ternary system of co non- solvency which relates the molecular interaction. Tacx et al. [2] explains the different affinity between the two solvents and PVA. Water could only be a moderate good solvent for low molecular weight PVA, the formation of aggregates occurs easily and PVA completely dissolved in DMSO and forms the solutions. The chemical structure, the dipole moments and the donor-acceptor properties of each component could clarify these molecular interactions which changes with the compositions of the solvent mixture and the formation of a third component i.e., co-solvent complex. The dilute PVA/DMSO/water solution would give rise to various phenomena of preferential adsorption coefficient [3].

Today many common commercial products contain some sort of engineered nanoparticles. “Examples include cosmetics, sunscreens, clothes, solar cells, sporting good[s], paints, and electronics” (Kosal 8). Although major developments have only occurred in the last decade, the US military began conducting nanotechnology research in the early 1980s. It was not until the mid-1990s, after the Department of Defense (DoD) identified nanotechnology as one of the six ‘Strategic Research Areas’ of Interest, that major investments in the research and development in nanotechnology began. Nanotechnology research seeks to advance both offensive and defensive military objectives (Lele 234). In January of 2000, President Bill Clinton “unveiled the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) where he called for an initiative with funding levels around 500 million dollars” (Tate 23). “All branches of the U.S. military currently conduct nanotechnology research, including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Office of Naval Research (ONR), Army Research Office (ARO), and Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)” (Tate 20). By the conclusion of this paper, the reader will have a basic understanding of nanotechnology and its applicability in military affairs. Additionally, the reader will understand the hazards of nanotechnology in order to determine if the military should continue to focus on nanotechnology.

In this study, we describe a versatile strategy to fabricate newly-fashioned silica-modified membranes based on organic/inorganic hybridization for oil/water emulsion separation. The silica-modified membranes were easily obtained by a simple two-step immersion of polysulfone hollow fiber membranes into silicon solution of tetraethyl orthosilicate mixed with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and subsequently into lactic acid solution. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the compositions and structures of the membranes. A micronanoscaled SiO2-based coating was generated roughly and continuously on

NPs produced by nanotechnology methods have been developed for application in different pesticides (Nel et al., 2006). Therefore, methods used to manufacture NPs are important criteria. Due to specific physiochemical properties, NPs may be used as fillers, semiconductors, opacifiers, catalysts, and microelectronics, and also as cosmetics and drug carriers in pharmacology and pharmaceutics (Nel et al., 2006). Thereafter, we need to consider risk assessment, establishment of safety manufacture, and the use of NPs in the marketplace and their potential toxicity (Nel et al., 2006; Medina et al., 2007). Next, we investigated the underlying mechanism of biogenic Te NRs-induced cytotoxicity in the PC-12 cell line. As shown in Figure 2, cell viability was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. By increasing the concentration of biogenic Te NRs, cytotoxicity can be enhanced in PC-12 cells. Significant reduction in rat hippocampal astrocytes viability was observed in exposure to 1.95–250 μM of diphenylditelluride (DPDT) and 0.97-250 μM of TeCl4through MTT assay; lethal concentration (LC50) for both compounds was estimated at 62.5 μM (Roy and Hardej, 2011). Studies have indicated that NPs may induce cytotoxicity by disrupting the cell structure and cause dysfunction in the cells by binding to survival macromolecules (Navarro et al., 2008). It has been reported that these toxicities depend on particle size, surface properties, and then, on cellular uptake of NPs

Nanotechnology (Feyman, 1991) is enabling technology that deals with nano-meter sized objects. It is expected that nanotechnology will be developed at several levels: materials, devices and systems. The nanomaterials level is the most advanced at present, both in scientific knowledge and in commercial applications. A decade ago, nanoparticles were studied because of their size-dependent physical and chemical properties (Murray et. al., 2000). Now they have entered a commercial exploration period (Mazzola, 2003; Paull, 2003).

EPD is used to fabricate ceramic coatings that are wear-resistant and non-oxidant, functional films and develop novel composites especially bio-ceramics to form durable structures for orthopaedic applications via fabrication (Boccaccini et al., 2010). EPD also helps to stabilize nanosized particles in colloidal dispersions onto the surface of an electrode by electrostatic mechanisms (Cao, 2004). Advantages of EPD technique are short formation time, easy to set up, less restriction on the

Fig.(2) depicts the Variation of the velocity fields f(η) & f '(η) , the temperature θ(η) and the nanoparticles concentration ϕ(η) for different values of the suction parameter S. The velocities f(η) and f '(η) increase; while, the temperature θ(η) and the nanoparticles concentration ϕ(η) decrease as S increases. Moreover, increasing the Hartmann number Ha increases f(η), f '(η)), θ(η) and the ambient nanoparticles concentration far from the wall; otherwise, ϕ(η) decreases near the wall as Ha increases as illustrated in Fig.(3).

GO has also been mixed with the polymeric matrix to fabricate different nanocomposite membranes, such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MF/UF [141,224,225], polyether sulfone (PES) NF membranes [226] and PSf [162]. One of the main drawbacks of the blending technique is the absence of GO direct exposure to foulants, which restricts the interaction between foulants and GO. Accordingly, the superior GO features, in terms of antifouling, will not be entirely exploited. The direct deposition of GO nanosheets on the membrane surface is a more effective technique for fouling control, hence the GO/foulants interaction can be maximized. The exceptional structure of GO confers a considerably greater contact area for the convenient interaction

Silver nanoparticles have started to be used in various applications, such as, antimicrobial coatings, house hold appliances, water purifiers, cosmetics,