Distillation Column Design Paper - Fluid Catalytic Cracking And Fractionation

the processes used today, it served as a catalyst for advances in hydraulic fracturing. Just two

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the process used to excavate oil and gas trapped in shale rock.

Fracking is a shorter form of Hydraulic Fracturing which is the extraction process of both natural gas and oil. The process involves drilling deep into the Earth’s surface. Fractures are then created by “pumping large quantities of fluids at high pressure down a welfare and into the target rock formation” (EPA, 2016). After making these openings for the gas or oil to come up (known as “flowback”) the materials can be stored. The reason the fracking process occurs is because “more usual methods of extraction may not be able to fully reach the deposits of shale gas and oil” (2015).

"Hydraulic Fracturing: The Process." FracFocus.org. Frac Focus: Chemical Disclosure Registry, 2013. Web. 06 May 2013.

Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as “fracking” is a cost-efficient and innovative process to obtain natural gases from underground. Greengarbageblog.org describes

As we become increasingly technologically complex, humans are becoming more and more reliant on energy. This energy is used for gasoline, heating and electricity among many others. Acquiring energy is very important but acquiring this energy in the most environmentally friendly way is even more important. There are various methods used when obtaining natural gas but one of the most controversial ways is through the process of hydraulic fracturing. The idea of Hydraulic fracturing or Fracking dates back to 1866 when inventor Col. E.A.L. Roberts lowered a torpedo to the bottom of a well, filled the well with water and the detonated the charge. The weight of the water forced an explosion and oil began to gush out. Modern

In rebuttal the group Energize LA offers more accurate information. Louisiana has been a part of this industry since 1909 when Standard oil of New Jersey choose Baton Rouge for a refinery. It was envision that it would strengthen the company’s domestic market capabilities. Energize LA is Louisiana’s fuel and chemicals manufacturing sector served as economic growth for Louisiana. It has been a steady flow of much needed income for the state. The industry alone brings in over one billion dollars of revenue. From this industry over 150,000 jobs have been created it one of the sates main sources of revenue besides tourism. Now there is a big push for cleaner air, safer communities, and jobs revenue and oppountiny. The Energize LA serves as a clearinghouse for fact based research and information about issues regarding fuel and chemical manufacturing.

There was no distillate in the distillation head after 20 minutes on the setting of 40 so the Variac transformer was turned to 45. The first fraction was collected at 55.6°C. The ratio of hexane to octane was 87.437% to 12.563%. The second fraction was collected between 47.3°C and 40.5°C. 88.429% to 11.571% was the ratio of hexane to octane for this fraction. The third fraction was collected at 30.6°C, and the ratio of hexane to octane was 94.957% to 5.043%. The contents of the conical reaction vial were placed in a fourth vial and a chromatogram was obtained for it. The ration of hexane to octane was 7.501% to 92.499%. During the collection of the three fractions, a piece of the glass pipet broke off into the distillation head. The results of the experiment could have been incorrect because the glassware was not properly cleaned. The distillate also could have collected too fast which would have lowered the separations efficiency. From this information, infer that hexane has a lower boiling point than octane because most of the distillate was hexane. The majority of what was left in the conical reaction vial was octane because the temperature was not hot enough to turn it into a gas to go into the distillation

Fracking of oil, is the extraction of oil from below the earth's surface through a process which entails drilling down into the earth to create a well. Two or ore steel casings are set in the wall to help keep the wall open by providing support and preventing fluid and gas flow into the surrounding ground. When the casting is in place, cement is pumped down inside the casing and on the outside. This is done to prevent liquids and gas leaking behind the casing. After the well is constructed, liquids (water) and special chemicals are pumped down the well at high pressures and creating fissures in the rocks. When these fractures crack open, oil and gas escape from them and return to the surface to be used. Fractures are kept open by materials

The purpose of this experiment was to separate a two component mixture using fractional distillation. Distillation is a process of vaporization than condensation of a substance, used primarily to separate substances from a mixture when there are different boiling points. Fractional distillation is when the mixture has multiple substances with similar boiling points, and a fractional column is used to create multiple vaporization/condensation cycles. Fractional distillation is important when two or more substances need to be separated, but they have similar boiling points.

Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking” is a drilling process that allows access to unconventional oil and natural gas reserves that would otherwise be inaccessible. Limestone, sandstone and shale far below the ground contain natural gas. This gas is formed as dead organisms in the rocks are decomposed. We can capture this gas at the surface when the rocks that contain the gas are drilled. To increase the flow of released gas, drillers use pressurized water to break the rocks apart, “fracturing” them. Initially this was sometimes done through detonating small explosions in the wells to increase the flow of gas to the surface. Around 1940, oil and gas drilling companies started fracking the rocks through pumping a high pressure water, sand and

“Fluid replacement is essential to counteract the dehydration and hyperosmolarity caused by hyperglycemia” (Capriotti & Frizell, 2016). This is why 0.9% NaCl solution at 1 liter/hour for two hours intravenously (IV) was prescribed to be administered to Mr. M. It is an isotonic intravenous solution that has the same tonicity as blood and also called normal saline (Capriotti & Frizell, 2016). According to the Davis’ drugs guide, the normal saline is used for the treatment of metabolic alkalosis. Sodium as a major cation in the extracellular fluid that assists in maintenance of water distribution, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base equilibrium, and osmotic pressure. Mr.M is in the state of hyperosmolarity and fluid and electrolyte

Hydraulic fracturing is a process of further expanding wells to reach demanded resources such as natural gas and oil. Thousands of gallons of the mixture of water, chemicals, and other components are shot into the wells with an enourmous amount of pressure. Once the mixture is in the well it begins to creak open the bedrock and the components, such as sand, keep the fractures open. This allows the gas or oil to rise to the top where it is collected. The process

Fracking is shorthand for hydraulic fracturing, a type of drilling that has been used commercially for 65 years. Today, the combination of advanced hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, employing cutting-edge technologies, is mostly responsible for surging U.S. oil and natural gas production. Hydraulic fracturing involves safely tapping shale and other tight-rock formations by drilling a mile or more below the surface before gradually turning horizontal and continuing several thousand feet more. Thus, a single surface site can accommodate a number of wells. Once the well is drilled, cased and cemented, small perforations are made in the horizontal portion of the well pipe, through which a typical mixture of water , sand and additives is pumped at high pressure to create micro-fractures in the rock that are held open by the grains of sand. Additives play a number of roles, including helping to reduce friction (thereby reducing the amount of pumping pressure from diesel-powered sources, which reduces air emissions) and prevent pipe corrosion, which in turn help protect

High crude prices led to weakening of product cracks and refining margins across regions. The industry also witnessed a sharp reduction in refining runs and operating rates in addition to prolonged maintenance shutdowns and permanent closures. It also