Distinction Between Trivalent And Pentavalent Arsenic P

Arsenic is well known for its dangerous toxic features it brings to humans and the environment. But, it was not until the late 1980’s did scientists and public health officials realized that even at low doses of ingestion, arsenic is very dangerous and can cause serious health effects (Bolt, 2013). Till this day arsenic continues to be a huge public health issue, not only in parts of the United States but in developing countries worldwide (Bolt, 2013). The main trend that researchers have been focusing on is the amount of arsenic that is contaminating drinking water. Arsenic has been known to be a health issue in water for many years, but it was not until the 1980’s and later that the government and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started to really crack down on monitoring it (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR] , 2010). Before 2001 the legal amount of arsenic that was allowed in drinking water was 50 parts per billion (ppb), but since then public health officials and the government realized that this amount of arsenic in the water was making people sick (ATSDR, 2010). So on January 22, 2001, the EPA adopted a new standard of 10 ppb of arsenic is drinking water (ATSDR, 2010). This level has been tested to be the safest allowable amount of arsenic in drinking water to be ingested by humans. To this day parts of the world and about 2% of the United States are still having issues with keeping the

Hepatocytes are involved in synthesizing proteins, cholesterol, bile salts, fibrinogen, phospholipids and glycoproteins. Additionally, hepatocytes ensure that our

While nitrates are one of the major contaminants in the area, San Joaquin Valley residents face drinking water pollution from many other sources including arsenic, coliform bacteria, and pesticides. Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that is found in different types of rocks. While arsenic primarily occurs naturally, human activities impact the amount of arsenic in groundwater. Arsenic is not only toxic at high concentrations, but also harmful after prolonged exposure at moderately elevated levels. California recognizes arsenic as a human carcinogen and believes prolonged exposure to the element to be associated with various cancers, including skin, bladder, kidney, lung, and liver cancers. A study in Maine found a connection between water contaminated

Many laboratory studies have shown that acrylamide causes a variety of tumors in rats and mice. When male and female rats were given 3.0mg/kg bw/day acrylamide in drinking water for two years, the incidence of tumors increased in scrotum, adrenal, thyroid, mammary, oral cavity, and uterus. However, there is no definite evidence that acrylamide produces tumors in humans. Acrylamide has been classified by the US EPA as a B2, a probable human carcinogen, by IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as a 2B, a possible human carcinogen, and by ACGIH (American Conference of Industrial Hygienists) as an A3, confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

There has been a collection of environmental chemicals that have been implicated in ASD development such as: arsenic, lead, manganese, mercury, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and solvents (Dietert et al,

There is a higher likelihood of being exposed to arsenic via food ingestion compared to inhaling arsenic-contaminated air or drinking arsenic-contaminated water. Once the arsenic has been absorbed through the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, the arsenic is distributed through the body via the bloodstream. For metabolism, in the blood stream, the arsenic becomes attached to the red cells, white cells, and cells that can convert arsenate to arsenite. Some of those arsenites are taken to the liver, where they are methylated by the enzymatic transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and the arsenite are converted into methyl arsonate (MMA V) and dimethyl arsenate (DMA V). Those metabolites, methyl arsonate and dimethyl arsenate, are then ready to be excreted. If the liver is at its limit of methylation, excess arsenites are stored in the body’s soft tissues. Arsenic and its many variations (ie. MMA V, DMA V, arsenate, and arsenite) are excreted through the kidneys. There is a possibility that two to four weeks after being exposed to arsenic, some of the arsenic can still be found in the human’s hair, nails, skin, and bones and teeth (ATSDR,

Professor Chris Exley, a world famous aluminium expert, had hoped the inquest would highlight just how little we know about the safety of one of the most prolific metals on the planet. Prof Exley has explained that aluminium, added to nearly everything we eat, drink, inject and absorb is classed as a neurotoxin at high levels. Yet despite this, no one actually knows whether the amount of aluminium we’re ingesting is a safe amount. In spite of hundreds of publications demonstrating that the aluminum isn’t safe, there haven’t been any real investigations into the subject of aluminium accumulation in the body. Exley, a professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Keele University, Staffordshire, has been researching the subject of aluminium for over a quarter of a century.

In the respiration phase, citrate helps increase the intake of oxygen while slowing down the releasing of carbon dioxide as shown in Table I. Glycogen, hexosediphosphate, alpha-glycerophosphate increases the effect of the respiration phase helping support that carbohydrates are the substrates that are catalyzed by the citrate in the pigeon muscles. Next, the researchers examined the rate of disappearance of citric acid and found that the poisons arsenite or malonate make the citric acid in the muscle disappear in large groups if oxygen is present, but they do not affect the breakdown of citric acid. Table III shows the effect that arsenite has on the citric acid of the pigeon muscle. Researchers then looked at the conversion of citric acid to alpha-ketogluteric acid by using methylene blue to oxidize citric acid because neither poisons could fully oxidize citric acid (Table IV). The oxidation of the citric acid (malonate), is then checked by being placed in succinic acid, which identified succinic and alpha- ketogluteric acid by measuring the pressure of the fluid in a column or manometrically. To see if the synthesis of citric acid is true, the researchers must find out if citric acid can be regenerated through one of the products made through oxidation. The pigeon muscle was able to generate citric acid in the presence of oxaloacetic acid; however, the other intermediates including pyruvic acid

Humans are primarily exposed to mercury through the consumption of freshwater and marine animals that have accumulated methylmercury in their fatty tissues 4. Mercury is absorbed in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues through dietary consumption. From the GI tract, mercury enters surrounding tissues and the blood stream where it can be transported throughout the body 8. The health consequences of mercury are resultant of the intracellular binding of organelles essential for cellular function 3. Thus, mercury exposure at a cellular level can cause cellular degradation and eventual

Many animal studies have shown that lead is capable of causing oxidative stress in many organs (Patra et al., 2001). Toxicity of lead is mainly attributed to the induction of oxidative stress by disruption of the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance, elevation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxides, and nitric oxide (Kumar and Reddy, 2012). Currently, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), derives from L-Cysteine and the precursor of glutathione (GSH), is a well-established cyto-protective drug against drugs induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Whyte et al., 2007; Akbulut et al., 2014), where it exerts antioxidant properties. L-Cysteine was utilized as a chelator of heavy metal to conserve against oxidative stress and inhibit damage to cells and tissues. L-cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a nutritionally occurring non-essential amino

Arsenic has an atomic number of 33 and a relative atomic mass of 74.922amu. Arsenic is an odd element, as it acts like metal even though it is a natural element. Arsenic is found in natural environments, and in limited quantities found in rocks, soil, water and more. Arsenic was very known to the ancient Egyptians and the Chinese, they used Arsenic as a way of gilding metals. The orpiment(As2S3) and the realgar (As4S4) : are the two Arsenic sulphide minerals that Greek Philosopher, Theophrastus. As2O3 is the trioxide, is one of the end products of copper refining. This is a form of arsenic that has also been known for awhile now, and it is called white arsenic. The official discovery of arsenic is to Alberts Magnus in around the 1200s. As to the physical property, it is radiant, has a silver colour and fragile, as it is a semi-metal. When in exposed to air, it is rapidly damaged, because of the usual elements in air, such as nitrogen and more. Arsenic is not particularly used in any technology, but recently we use Arsenic in semiconductor gallium arsenide, it can convert electric currents to laser lights. Usually it is not used

Of the liver enzymes that showed elevations in their serum concentrations following irradiation in the current study, only the early increase in the AST level was significant (Fig. 9). ALT is also a marker of hepatic damage, and it is found exclusively in the cytoplasm of cells. In contrast, AST is present in the cytoplasm, which comprises 20% of its total activity, and in the mitochondria, which comprises 80% of its total activity (Rej 1989). While the recruited granulocytes and the gamma irradiation could damage some periportal hepatocytes, irradiation treatment may have a more damaging effect on the numerous large mitochondria that reside within the hepatocytes, which would lead to a greater

It was shown in section 3.5 that Azide – 2 significantly inhibited the growth of all three cell types: 4T1 – RLR, HT1080 – luc2 and HepG2 – luc2. Azide – 2 which was shown as the most potent competitor of glutamine uptake tested in this study also killed the cells with IC50 values at 0.1 – 0.2mM. As previously mentioned, only a very low concentration of Azide – 2 from 5 - 16µM was effective enough to reduce the glutamine uptake by these cell types to a half of maximal level. The mechanism by which the cell growth was disrupted quickly is still unclear. However, the extreme interference of glutamine uptake should be the first point to exploit the action of Azide – 2. Then, more experiments can be subsequently carried out to investigate the killing effect on the intracellular environment. In contrast to Azide – 2, Azide – 1 killed the cells slowly with the IC50 value at 0.55 – 3mM which is 5 – 30 fold higher than that of Azide – 2. The mode of Azide – 1’s toxicity to cells is quite consistent with the inhibition trend of glutamine uptake. As Azide – 1 bound and inhibited the glutamine uptake by 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells better than HT1080 – luc2 cells, it affects the growth of the former two cell types more dramatically than the latter. Hence, the working mechanism on which the compound counted to

ALP was released in India as a rodenticide at first. (2,3).This substance next to the water ,water stream or gastric acid produces a non –color, fire caching, with fish-stench like smell called phosphine(PH3) that is cause of intoxication. phosphine is a protoplasmic poison which leads to a non –competitive inhibition of cytochrome oxidase enzyme in mitochondria ,electrons transfer system and oxidative phosphorylation. Hence to the production of free radicals in several tissues by phosphine, those organs which need more oxygen like heart, brain, lungs, kidney and liver have more sensitivity to phosphine related damages and this in association with histopathological changes in those organs(4 ).The toxicity is due to reaction of emissions with air humidity, and the presence of hydrochloric acid. (3, 5)The current dose of ALP in an adult with the average weight of 70 kg is estimated about 500mg(4).Rice

Heavy metals such as arsenic (metalloid), mercury, lead, and cadmium have a rich history throughout the world. From Ancient Rome to the Vietnamese War, heavy metals have been used in many different ways, sometimes leading people to death or illness. This research essay will go through the history of the above-mentioned metals, how they were used, and how they can affect people.