Essay on Diversity in Higher Education

White families felt no remorse, claiming that whites were rightfully separated for superiority reasons. Black families felt anger because their children walked through dangerous parts of town for an unequal education. When this was brought up to Kansas’s Board of Education, they believed there was nothing wrong with the education system. The Board argued that all blacks received the same and equal opportunities as white students in other schools. They concluded that their actions were constitutional, as it followed the “separate but equal” ruling established in 1896. The Brown family felt their Fourteenth Amendment was violated. ("Brown v. Board of Education"). The Fourteenth Amendments states to provide equal protection for all citizens of the United States ("14th Amendment"). They appealed their case to the federal district court and, eventually, to the Supreme Court of the United States as well. ("Brown v. Board of Education (1954) School Segregation, Equal Protection."). The Brown vs. Board of Education case was created and trialed in front of Warren Court. As the Chief Justice, Earl Warren’s influence on other Justices would play an important role in the final decision. Warren started the end to segregation. It became the beginning of a court case that would alter black American lives forever.

Lots of areas in the U.S. had segregated schools in 1954, held by “separate but equal.” In 1954, the NAACP was trying to end segregation. They filed class actions schools in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware, on behalf of the students and their families, trying to integrate schools. One of the most prominent cases was Brown v. Board of Education. Oliver Brown, the plaintiff, claimed that Topeka’s segregation violated the Equal Protection Laws Clause. He claimed segregated schools were not equal. This case went to the Supreme Court after the lower-level courts ruled that school the school segregations were equal to be constitutional.

Board of Education(1954) case were Linda Brown, Oliver Brown, Robert Carter, Harold Fatzer, Jack Greenberg, Thurgood Marshall, Frank D. Reeves, Charles Scott, and John Scott("Teaching with documents:," ). Linda lived not to far from a local African American school, but her father had other plans for her and wanted her to go to an all white school so that she could obtain a better education. She was denied the opportunity, so her father teamed up with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP). The 14th Amendment was violated when she was denied the right to go to the all white school(Collins). The 14th Amendment says that a states have to give citizen equal protection under all circumstances. Brown v. Board of Education was not immediately ruled. This case ruling was deliberately thought through and started the trend of desegregating schools years later. In the opinion they believed that segregating the white and black students was the right thing to do. Students would be “offended or intimidated” if they had peers of a different race. That was their way of saying that she should not be allowed to attend the all white school in her community. This case had no had no dissenting opinion. By the case beginning combined to other similar case it was brought to the Supreme Court. They overruled “separate but equal” because of the previous case Plessy v. Ferguson because it violate the 14th amendment("Brown v. Board," 2012).

The reasoning behind the court case Brown v. the Board of Education was that separate education was basically unequal. It played a very important part in desegregating schools. The Fourteenth Amendment states that “no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property.” This amendment states

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark case that was decided by the Supreme Court of America in 1954. It is a case that is believed to have brought to an end decades of increasing racial segregation that was experienced in America’s public schools. The landmark decision of this case was resolved from six separate cases that originated from four states. The Supreme Court is believed to have preferred rearguments in the case because of its preference for presentation of briefs. The briefs were to be heard from both sides of the case, with the focus being on five fundamental questions. The questions focused on the attorneys’ opinions about whether Congress viewed segregation in public schools when it ratified the 14th amendment (Benoit, 2013). Changes were then made to the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause.

On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas . State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. The 14th Amendment states; “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to

Board of Education (1954), which is a name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. They were Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education Prince Edward County (VA), Boiling v. Sharpe, and Gilbert v. Ethel. While the facts of each case differed the main issue in each case was the constitutionality of state-sponsored segregation. African American children had been denied admittance to certain public schools based on laws allowing public education to be segregated by race. Marshall Thurgood and his team of lawyers argued that the segregated facilities violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The plaintiffs were denied any relief because of precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the “separate but equal” doctrine that stated separate facilities for the races was constitutional as long as the facilities were “substantially equal.” In short, the Brown decision on education spilled over into social issues that had never been discussed before, resulting in a constitutional revolution that lasted throughout the

These problems that were being seen at young ages were not likely to go away with time because their learning had already been delayed. Furthermore, the supreme court saw segregation at schools as unconstitutional, “Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, case in which on May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9–0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions,”(Duignan). The education of the student was not the only thing being denied but also the chance to have protection in their own home. The supreme court agreed it was unconstitutional because idea of “Separate but equal,” set up by the Plessy vs. Ferguson court case was not at all being

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896

Discrimination in schools became apparent when the court case of Brown v. the Board of Education (1955) began to challenge the school systems. It brought up the unfair advantages minority children were facing in the "separate but equal" school systems. The ruling of this case pointed out the obstruction of parent 's rights presented in the Fourteenth Amendment, and ultimately led to the ruling of all schools becoming integrated.

In 1954, the supreme court said that black can go to school with whites. The south declined. The south was willing to disobey the supreme court ruling by continuing segregation in the schools. In the late 1900s the battle of the civil rights will begin in the classroom in the case Brown vs Board of education. Brown vs Board of education is a case reserved by Kansas in which the court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. White schools [students] believed that using the tactic of violence will keep black children in black schools. At first it seemed as if the federal government will not intervene. The

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the United States Supreme Court upheld racial segregation of passengers in railroad coaches as required by Louisiana law. Three years later the Supreme Court was asked to review its first school case dealing with equal treatment of school children. In Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education (1899) the court found that the temporary cessation of services for minority high-school children did not violate equal protection even though services continued at the high-school for Caucasian children. The Court reasoned that the closing of the school was based on economic considerations, and was not found to represent bad faith or an abuse of discretion. The court concluded that although all must share the burdens and receive the benefits of taxation, school finance was a matter belonging to the states and federal interference without a clear and unmistakable disregard for constitutional rights would be inappropriate (Cambron-McCabe, McCarthy, & Thomas, 2004).

The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court case of 1952, was not just one single case, but five different cases from; Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, South Carolina, and Kansas, all of which challenging the constitutionality of racial segregation in public schools. The main issue in the case was the confusion of the 14th amendment and if segregation fell under the idea of equal protections. Before the Brown vs. Board of Education was brought to the Supreme Court, there were a series of cases brought to the courts by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). These cases confronted the issue of segregation within the school systems. These cases did not bring on the results of the Brown vs.

Diversity on college campuses has increased, which has let people assume that racism decreased and acceptance expanded gradually, however minorities still face prejudice and discrimination. Harvard University presented a research where they gathered college students from 4 particular public universities and questioned them about the social behavior they have experienced or witnessed. In the contrary, they discovered that college students have encountered racist comments or negative facial expressions towards them from Caucasians (Caplan, page 31). This has led to propositions for instance, improving social conduct between children in school, more gratification in regard to one’s culture and positive outlook toward the culture of others because America’s obsession with race and racial attitudes continues to affect individuals emotionally. It is urgent to spread diversity at a younger stage of life, for upcoming children that are starting school. The need of role models around the nation is necessary and relevant to help multicultural education in the schools. Diversity has become significant since people all over the country are passionate about others knowing where they come from and making it possible of a more diverse society in the future.

Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas was a case that also involved discrimination and inequality. It was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in May, 1954. This case focuses on the segregation of white and black children in public education. In this case Brown argues that segregation based on race, violates the Constitution because in public schools’ African American children were denied equal rights. White children were considered inferior to the black children. The Supreme Court decided that segregated public schools provided unequal schooling for students, and that school segregation was therefore unconstitutional. The “Separate but Equal” law continued to open wider gaps between blacks and whites. Blacks used separate water fountains, restrooms, hospitals, etc. All Public facilities were segregated. Restrictions were also placed on voting rights for blacks. They were granted the right to vote earlier in the 15th Amendment but it was limited by asking for literacy tests, and the redrawing of lines by southern state legislators. A racist ideology was still implanted in the minds of many; blacks were still inferior to the white color. Another attempt to freedom was the opening of the National Association for the advancement for colored people (NAACP). The goal of this organization was to end public segregation and regain the right to vote. The case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), also influenced the