Dna From Viruses By Carl Zimmer

When we hear the word virus, we usually think of something that makes us sick. A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The viral genome provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. To fight viruses, we use vaccines. While some may infect a broad range, other viruses can only infect certain kinds of cells. Vaccines are made of inactive, dead or weakened virus cells or protein antigens that can no longer infect

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

The article that I found discusses how DNA evidence was used to convict a suspect after twenty years under investigation. The homicide case was recently closed on the rape and murder of Ophelia Preston, a 24 year-old female in Milwaukee County. Preston was deaf and mute and also suffered from a cocaine addiction, which led her to meeting Melvin Lee Jones.

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

Where it is still unclear the origins of viruses, one thing is clear, they are a very important part of the horizontal gene transfer, which drastically increases genetic diversity.

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

"Whatever does kill us can make us stronger" because our ancestors possibly died from a lot of these viruses that are helping us today. Think about the possibly of the black plaque, yellow fever or even smallpox could be buried deep into our genetic codes slowly changing our DNA to benefit Mankind in years to come. According to the article “DNA from an ancient virus, it seems, has now become a vital part in fighting new viruses.” Does this mean the viruses that kill thousands of people, could actually serve a purpose for us today? The human body is a very complex organism, but this theory applies to more than just

Throughout the history, humankind has confronted with numerous infections from smallpox to influenza. These viruses slaughtered such a variety of honest individuals. As innovation continues showing signs of improvement, scientists discover new things and even, create a new strain of mutated virus coincidentally. One of these researchers is, Dutch Ron Fouchier who is known for creating a strain of H5N1 "bird flu" virus. In spite of the fact that he had no evil expectation to make such thing, this strain can possibly wipe most humankind off the world and as well as saving society from much more regrettable viruses that can come up later on. This creation has caused controversy in the scientific world. While it's critical to distribute Fouchier's

Virus may have helped humans in evolution. There are two types of viruses, retrovirus and the virus. The normal type of virus destroys the D.N.A. in cells then reproduces in the cell till the cell explodes. The retrovirus changes the way the D.N.A. thinks. Some scientist believe that was the key to evolution and have evidence to support it. A few scientist look at bacteria that are in extreme condition that are like the beginning of earth conditions. In those conditions they find bacteria and retroviruses. The first retrovirus was found in france 2003 on accident. It was named meme. They also believe by experimenting on sheep they help with birth. Now I wonder would you press a button to get rid of all viruses.

The great race to discover the structure of DNA started with Gregor Mendel and his observation that parents are offspring have similar traits. They knew that if they could find the backbone of life it would help to explain how life itself would work. But that was about all that was known. How was DNA structured? This is was one of the most common early questions. But it became obvious that it was too broad. As advancements were made in this category questions were asked like, “why was the x-ray structure different in the summer than in the winter?”, “What and how are the base pairs connected if they are?” and many other questions. This race was very important to many people because they know that the discovery of the structure of DNA would

Note: References to movies though out this argument just as a way of depicting what an actual scenario could resemble, not as an actual reference of what will happen. References to “virus” are just referring to any potential pathogen or cause, not just viruses.

DNA is 2 strands of coiled molecules called a double helix, it gives us all different characteristics and qualities, It is also a hereditary material found in humans and almost all other organisms. DNA bases pair up with each other, Adenine(A) must pair with Thymine(T) and Guanine(G) must pair with Cytosine(C) to make weak hydrogen bonds. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid made of subunits called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. 2 hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine(A) and Thymine(T), 3 hydrogen bonds are required to bond Guanine(G) and Cytosine(C). Each base pair is combined by a hydrogen bond.

Viruses are a nuisance for organisms alike yet a rather fascinating part of biology, they can be contracted just by every way possible while possess the ability to kill both plants and animals and in the mild yet common scenario of the annual flus for us humans that literally gives us headaches among other symptoms. One particularly interesting virus is the Varicella Zoster Virus, or VZV. It’s a different version of the virus that can cause herpes with a slightly altered genetic sequence which causes the disease of Chickenpox, what makes it different from its counterpart is that it’s not as serious but what they’re similar in is they both have the characteristics of staying with us for the rest of our lives once we contracted them. This capability comes down to the genetic coding, the programing that allows the VZV virus to stay in us and reactivate in the distant future.

There are cons of the DNA vaccine but also pros, so another aspect came up among several researchers is that it is worth to continue its research to develop the DNA vaccine-derived other scientific methods and ideas. One of most important facts for the DNA vaccine to develop is its delivery approach. To improve more effective way, scientists enhanced the knowledge of new molecular adjuvants and understanding of the T-helper types of immune responses (Kutzler & Weiner, 2008). Researching time and cost will not be wasted.

An invisible organism enters your body. It penetrates into your tissues and then takes over the machinery in your own cells to make more copies of itself. This tiny infiltrator works silently, producing thousands of these clones that fill up the cell and cause it to explode. The clones mercilessly continue the process of invading, taking over and destroying cells. The result might be a minor inconvenience to you as the host, or it could result in a slow or rapid death. It depends only on which variant of this unwanted infiltrator overcomes your body’s defenses. There are cures to wipe out some types of these invisible intruders, but others are so difficult to eradicate or so readily adaptable, that the world’s greatest scientists