Dna Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

E. coli HB101 was transformed with pGLO plasmid then grown on media containing ampicillin and/or arabinose and on medium containing neither (Brown, 2011). This is done for selection of transformed cells since not all cells are expected to take up the plasmid (Brown, 2011). We also expect roughly the same CFU on any plate(s) receiving samples from the same microcentrifuge tube, since they are getting the exact same

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce

The next two questions, “Why study bacterial gene regulation?” and “What are the basics of gene expression?” were addressed next in the seminar. Fascinatingly, a bacterial cell knows how to respond based on their environment. For example, they recognize and respond differently when in water than in a human. The average bacterial cell has close to 1000 genes, this is significantly more genetic information that they can use at any given time. These genes are stored in the DNA and each individual gene provides the information to make an individual product. So, how is a gene expressed? The first step in this process is called transcription. During transcription, the information encoded in the DNA is copied by RNA Polymerase to make mRNA. The next step is referred to as translation. During translation, the information in the mRNA is “translated” to make a protein using the ribosome. These steps basically turn genes “on and off” in a bacterial cell in response to a change in their environment. How does this happen? According to Dr. Henkin in her 2008

The experiment was conducted in two main parts: in the first part, the single and double restriction digests were run to cut the plasmids using combinations of three different enzymes. In the second part, the fragments resulting from each reaction were separated using gel electrophoresis. 1) Restriction Digests In this part of the experiment, seven different samples were prepared with different combination of reactions. Given the unknown plasmid and three restriction enzyme (HindIII, BglI and PvuII), seven different Eppendorf tubes were prepared to account for 3 single digests, one with each of the three restriction enzymes, 3 double digests combining two enzymes at a time and alternating between all the possible combinations, and also for the control reaction where no enzymes were added to the plasmid.

This was done by using DNA ligation and E.Coli transformation. We looked at agar plates to analyze which one of E.coli cell strains took up the vector alone of the vector containing the gene of interest. Four agar plates were used in this laboratory which were labeled Ligation, pGEM- T Positive Control, Competent Cells Negative Control, and Competent Cells Positive Control. Reagents were used such as DNA Ligase Buffer, SOC Media, Ampicillin, IPTG, and X-Gal. Ligation was performed using 2X ligation buffer, DNA Mix, T4 DNA Ligase and sterile dH2O. Then the transformation of E. coli occurred in which our 4 LB agar plates were prepared with the corresponding amount of IPTG, X-Gal and ampicillin gene. The next step was pipetting the content into the corresponding plates and SOC media was added.The transformation tubes consent were placed on the agar plates using a spreader. The plates were incubated at 37 Celsius and then will be stored at 4 degrees Celsius.The ligation plate was prepared by adding 100 µL of IPTG, 50 µL of X-Gal and Ampicillin. In the ligation plate, the expected color to be see was blue. However, in our ligation plate, we were seeing both blue and white colonies. Blue cells indicate that the cells take up the vector alone in the presence of IPTG and X-Gal due to Beta- Galactosidase expression. IPTG or

Introduction The basis of this report is to investigate continuous variation in an animal population and to find out if human height is a sexually dimorphic trait. This report will also offer a deeper insight of our understanding of genetics. Before our investigation it is essential to cover some theory on genetics. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation.

Abstract The techniques of DNA fingerprinting and electrophoresis were both utilized successfully in this experiment. They analyze the genetic traces found at a crime scene and are compared to the DNA of the two individuals that are suspects. The main part of the experiment involves creating four DNA samples of specific quantities from the two suspects using distinct restriction enzymes for comparative analysis. These analysis will be compared to the crime scene DNA which also contained restriction enzymes.

Bacteria belongs to a group of organism that lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. Example. This paper will provide an explanation as to how bacteria decode the genetic information to produce proteins.

In essence, as the cancer responded to treatment, the same patterns and genetic changes were recorded in the blood samples as well. This provides “proof-of-principle” that monitoring tumor DNA in blood can accurately predict the following developments of

Bacillus subtilis is rod-shaped and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allow the organism to tolerate extreme conditions. Some uses of Bacillus subtilis includes using as a model organism for laboratory studies. It can also be genetically modified to convert explosives into harmless compound of nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide. (Wikipedia, 2010)

This include a competent Escherichia coli used in cloning genes of interest, incorporation of DNA into bacterial genome system, selection of E. coli cells that have taken up DNA using genetic markers and amplification of transformed bacterial cells to a higher scale in a suitable culture media then separation and purification of intracellular proteins [2].

Bacteria is a prokaryote, most bacteria are relatively harmless, living inside the human body. The article discusses various strategies of which genetically engineered bacteria is used against human diseases of inflammatory, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, cancer, viral and bacterial infections (Piñero-Lambea, Ruano-Gallego and Fernández, 2015). Current and relevant research to the topic are selected as evidence on how engineered bacterial is used and its potential against human diseases and disorders. Current opinion in biotechnology that allows the expert opinion of the topic to be projected through the selection of particular research, catering towards the specialists and experts to notify them of the latest discoveries on engineered bacteria in relation to its therapeutic properties against human diseases.

Plasmid DNA with Restriction Digest: The purpose of restriction digest of plasmid DNA is to understand how each DNA plasmids was cut with the given restriction enzymes and perform gel electrophoresis to observe the samples. Nine restriction digests were created, containing three digests for each of the three plasmid DNAs identifying as recombinant, non-recombinant, and unknown. Out of the nine digests, six are actual digests and three are undigested controls. A master mix is created to add to each of the nine samples with its following stock ingredients: 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 1 ul of Nco1, X ul of sterile water (Single digest), 10 ul of 2X Reaction Buffer, 10 ul plasmid DNA, 1 ul Nco1, 1 ul of Not1, and X ul of sterile water (Double