Dna Sequence Variation Of Different Ants

Introduction: All organisms have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the nuclei of their cells. The aim of this experiment is to extract this DNA using common household detergent to breakdown the cellular membrane then through the use of ethanol to extract the DNA from the Kiwi and Strawberry fruit. After the DNA has been extracted the DNA will be visualised by agarose gel electrophoresis which is done by adding a dye to the extracted DNA then being placed in the gel, once the negatively charged DNA has been placed in the gel it will slowly move towards the positively charged end (anode) then is viewed under an ultraviolet light then compared to the control of known lengths of DNA to show the size of the unknown DNA samples.

Based on your procedure and results, how is DNA isolated from plant or animal cells? /4

Genes are unique segments of DNA and in this laboratory experiment, the Actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster will be extracted and amplified with various laboratory processes including PCR, ligation, and transformation. Also, the gene that was extracted will be confirmed and sequenced with the process of cycle sequencing and with the help of NCBI database. The DNA that is first extracted will be referred to as “genomic DNA” because it was extracted directly from the fruit fly, but later on, it will be referred to as “plasmid DNA” and this is when it is incorporated in the plasmid. Drosophila melanogaster or the fruit fly is one of the most commonly used organisms in genetic experiment. They are commonly used because of their small size, four homologous pair of chromosomes, easy maintenance, and easily observable traits (Pierce, 2012).

We use eight lanes putting the enzymes, and the DNA of the suspects to the lane. It is important to do this slowly and with care so as to ensure we put each solution in the correct tubes. You also have to plug it to the power source. Red is the negative while black is the positive and it should be at 150V for about forty minutes. Evaluation of the DNA bands

The following results helped obtain the haplogroup that in which the sequence of mtDNA would identify. The PCR reaction worked, and this can be determined by looking at the agarose gel in figure 1. If the PCR reaction was successful, than a band should appear around 550bp. Individual AC displays a band around 550bp, this means the PCR reaction was successful. The band for individual AC, depicts a low concentration of product, because the band faint. After the purification process the concentration, A260/280 ratio, and A260/A230 ratio were determined by using the nanodrop. The concentration of mtDNA in the product was 60.9 ng/uL. The ratio for A260/280 was 1.79 and the ratio for A260/230 was 0.77. The A260 and 280 are a spectrometer measurement that measure absorbance at wavelengths of

In this experiment we were meant to observe the transferring of DNA. There are many ways in which DNA can be transferred into an organism, for example; transformation, transduction, and conjugation. In our experiment we used

In order to extract DNA from any living thing, we needed to first gather the materials. Then we began the experiment. Step 1, put in a blender 1/2 cup of split peas (100ml), 1/8 teaspoon table salt (less than 1ml), and 1 cup cold water (200ml). Next, we blended the materials on high for 15 seconds. This allowed the pea cells to separate from each other, so we now had a really thin pea-cell soup. Step 2, poured our thin pea-cell soup through a strainer into another container. Added 2 tablespoons of liquid detergent (about 30ml) and swirled to mix. We then let the mixture incubate for 7 minutes. Poured the mixture into test tubes containers, and filled each about 1/3 full. Step 3, added a pinch of meat tenderizer to each test tube and stirred gently to make sure we didn’t break up the DNA. Step 4, tilted our test tube and slowly poured rubbing alcohol (70-95% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol) into the tube down the side so that it forms a layer on top of the pea mixture. Poured until we had about the same amount of alcohol in the tube as pea mixture. Alcohol is less dense than water, so it floats on top. From there we looked for clumps of white stringy stuff where the water and alcohol layers meet. The white stringy stuff was tangled DNA molecules. Thus, we completed DNA extraction. As we performed the experiment we made no changes to the original protocol.

Four microcentrifuge tubes were placed in a rack, labeled and numbered, in order to identify the group and the DNA/restriction enzyme that it held. Each of the tubes initially received 10 microliters of reaction buffer. There were two samples of suspect DNA provided along with two restriction enzymes (EcoRI and HindIII). Tubes labeled 1 and 2 received 15 μL of DNA from suspect one while tubes 3 and 4 received 15 μL of DNA from suspect two. Following that, 15 μL of Enzyme 1 (EcoRI) were added to tubes 1 and 3, and 15 μL of Enzyme 2 (HindIII) were added to tubes 2 and 4. (Table 1). The tubes were then gently tapped on the counter to mix the DNA and enzyme solution followed by incubation at 37°C for 45 minutes. After incubation, 5 μL of 10x gel loading dye were added to each of the four tubes of suspect DNA. The tubes were then placed on ice while the gel was under preparation.

This paper is to Intel what procedures you would take when collecting different types of physical and biological evidence. I will talk about the steps that I took in the process of collecting the soda can, and the DNA sample with the cotton swab. In the end you should understand from my documentation the procedures and steps made during the process.

Introduction Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, established the basic principles of heredity by crossing different varieties of pea plants and observing the succession of traits in the resulting generations. In order to studying the trends of heredity, model organisms are crossed and observed for the resulting traits. Drosophilia melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been a useful species in the study and practice of genetics. The fruit fly is an excellent model organism due to its short generation time, large offspring numbers, simply and cheap care, easy handling in a lab setting, and large and varied stocks available with minimum cost. It was among the first organisms to be used for genetic analysis (Pierce, 2005).

Purpose The main purpose of this experiment was to test and observe how DNA molecules are being tested or separated. Introduction The final goal of this lab was to successfully measure the size of different samples of DNA placing each samples into a well in agarose gel and running a current through a charged chamber.

The one that was most homologous in this experiment was Cyclin-G2. Cyclin-G2 plays an important role in the cell cycle and cell division as well as can be a factor in certain illnesses and diseases, like cancers (4). This means that we can use Drosophila specimen as test subjects for testing and understanding proteins in humans. This is important because scientists are able to preform tests on fruit flies rather than humans, which is safe, cheaper, and much more ethical. This helps scientists to understand on a deeper level certain proteins and how they relate to diseases and illnesses. Because that can study these homologous proteins in fruit flies they are able to apply their knowledge of them to humans and begin to develop and discover ways to treat diseases and illnesses, and essentially raise the quality of life for

Due to the presence of negatively charged phosphate groups within the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, the DNA fragments diffuse through the gel towards the anode. The smaller fragments are more able to penetrate through the gel and thus travel the furthest whereas the larger fragments travel a shorter distance. The exact size in bases for each separated fragment in a given sample of DNA can be determined by comparing each fragment against standard fragments of known length. This is commonly known as a ladder within the laboratory. For the purposes of a crime scene investigation, multiple DNA samples would be simultaneously run through the gel, Once separated, a DNA fragmentation pattern is produced that allows the criminal to be identified. As shown in the figure below, a DNA sample obtained from the crime scene is compared to two possible suspects. The pattern of suspect 1 more closely matches the pattern of the DNA obtained from the crime scene thus allowing the true criminal to be correctly identified. Similarly, for paternal testing, the DNA samples of the mother and child are compared to the potential fathers. The fragmentation pattern of the child should resemble both the mother and true father as half of child’s alleles are inherited from the mother and father. Male 1 resembled the child’s

The recommendations before starting the lab are to conduct a practice experiment with inserting the DNA with the micropipette. This decreases the chance of rupturing within the gel, and if this is to happen inaccurate results will be displayed. To begin the experiment, insert the gel into the electric chamber filled with THE solution so that it covers the agarose gel. Once the agarose gel is in place, take the Missouri DNA and extract from the sample tube with the micropipette and insert it into one of the wells. Repeat this process with each tube, but after inserting a DNA replace the disposable plastic tube with a new tube, so no inaccurate results will occur. After all six wells are filled, enclose the chamber and initiate the chamber with

Perfect DNA Navagen for the first gel. The first gel was stained for 15 minute as for the second gel was stained for 1 hour. The second gel Ladder used was the Gene Ruler