Does Hybridization An Evolutionary Dead End?

C-Fern plants are a strain of Ceratopteris richardii and have a rapid reproductive cycle, making them perfect subjects in lab to be tested and observed on population genetics. Population genetics is the study of genetic variation and allelic frequencies on a specific group over an amount of time. It is a great way to predict future genetic information on more than just the C-Ferns. In this experiment, two different generations for gametophytes and sporophytes of C-Ferns were observed and counted for the amount of wild type and polka dot mutant individuals within a sample and a population. The overall results demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the F1 gametophyte generation for both the sample and population, which was expected. The F1 sporophyte generation demonstrated a 1:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the sample and a 2:1 ratio of mutant to wild type in the population. A 3:1 ratio of mutant to wild type was expected in the sporophytes. It was concluded that the polka dot mutant is recessive in sporophytes and demonstrates random fertilization in the diploid stage, but not in gametophytes. This process of population genetics in C-Ferns can be extremely beneficial in other organisms, such as humans. Population genetics could be a tool in medicine in determining human

Perhaps, where they coexisted, some difference prevented interbreeding or the production of hybrids between these populations and early human ancestors. Usually such differences between related species originate as adaptations to the environment, not as devices for reproductive isolation.

Genetic diversity allows the population to adapt to changing environments and it contributes and adds to the gene pool.

For example, the Sea Monkey females don’t breed with males, making the males go and breed with other species, creating hybrids. Also, it gave an example, involving both asexual and sexual reproductive shrimp. The results of that were only that half of the sexual population can produce eggs, while every individual in the asexual one can. This basically means that it won’t be too soon before the asexual population dominates over the other. This article related to current unit topics because right now we are talking about cell reproduction and something that is involved in that is Mitosis. In the article it mentioned how more DNA is needed to be built with double the amount of chromosomes from the asexual reproduction. Currently, we are learning about how in order for the cells to split, they need to copy the DNA to the chromosomes. Well, with double the amount of chromosomes, copying all that DNA to each is a very difficult task. Another example is with chromosomes, now with sexual reproduction a set of chromosomes is needed from both the mother and father, but in the case of asexual reproduction and the Sea Monkeys, the females just combine two of the eggs, making it have enough chromosomes to

From the results the hypothesis was supported. The selection against hairless plants reduced the number that would be present in future generations.

The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was

might affect the fitness of each variant. In other words which factors might increase plant growth, survival,

2. How will the alleles for these traits assort into the gametes that each parent might produce? (Hint: For a reminder on how alleles sort independently into gametes, refer to the illustration in Part 2, Question 2, in the Student Guide.)

A population’s genetic makeup can change through mutations, change in location, an increase in population, and an increase in mating between organisms. Breeding within species ensure the future offsprings of a particular species and creates a variations in alleles than before. The environment is related to the organism existence in a community an example is a white butterfly in a snowy region. Predictors are less likely to see the

Evolution has increased the chances of continuity because they have learned to adapt to the changing environment and have learnt what is best for the survival of their species. They have also learnt what will help them with their reproduction, e.g. bright coloured petals and sweet scent to attract the bees etc. to help with pollination.

“If no such variations exist, the population rapidly goes extinct because it cannot adapt to a changing environment” (O’Neil, 1998-2013). Scientists call this reproductive success. “Within a specific environment context, one genotype will be better than another genotype in survival or reproduction for certain reasons having to do with the way its particular features relate to the environment or relate to other organisms within the population” (Futuyma, 2000-2014). The theory of evolution is explicable through various kinds of scientific research.

Inbreeding is the outcome of offspring from mating of individuals that are related by a descent. It is important to limit this effect in conservation programs due to the increased amount of homozygosity and exposed deleterious recessive alleles, which increase the risk of extinction to the population.

There is another side to the biodiversity of the evolutionary field, as the population weakens the species start the inbreeding of smaller populations, thus playing a role in the extinction of a species. Inbreeding is reproduction among members of a species that are genetically similar. The genetic inbreeding is designed to bolster populations of species whose numbers are in decline. However, when only a few species or varieties of a species are cultivated or survive, the genetic diversity of the organism declines, and population is more vulnerable to being wiped out by new diseases or climate changes because of the inbreeding (Alters, 2000).

It is no surprise people enjoy stories of overcoming the odds. This is why both children and adults love the movie Zootopia. Walt Disney’s Zootopia is a heartwarming story on its own, but when it is analyzed, the movie has deeper meaning and lessons to learn. Zootopia not only has many post-colonial aspects that explain the mammals’ way of life, but it displays psychoanalytic tendencies about how the main characters childhoods affected them later in life.

For each pair of traits crossed, one alternative was not expressed in the F1 hybrids, although it reappeared in some F2 individuals