Domain Analysis Of Common Carotid Artery Images Using Multiwavelets For The Diagnosis Of Cardiovascular Diseases

To begin, 3-D ultrasound configures the sound wave data into 3-D images and 4-D ultrasound is considered a version of 3-D ultrasound that shows motion (Radiological Society of North America). Another type of examination is a Doppler ultrasound may be part of an examination. Doppler ultrasounds use a special technique that assesses blood flow through blood vessels, including the body’s major arteries and veins in the legs, neck, and abdomen. Under the Doppler ultrasound, there are three more types: Color, Power, and Spectral (Radiological Society of North America).

Ultrasound imaging has many uses in medicine, from confirming and dating a pregnancy to diagnosing certain conditions and guiding doctors through precise medical procedures

The required training and education for entry-level positions in diagnostic medical sonography is generally an associate’s degree, preferably through an accredited institute. Bachelor’s degrees are also available, as well as one-year certificate programs for professionals expanding their current healthcare degree. Most employers require education from an accredited program because of their allotment for clinical training and course of study which include medical terminology courses and detailed instruction on interpreting ultrasound images. As discussed previously, students choose a specialized field of sonography to study. Certification is then applied to whichever specialized field has been chosen, such as obstetric and gynecologic sonography, abdominal sonography, breast sonography, musculoskeletal sonography, neurosonography and cardiovascular sonography. Although the interviewee Wilma Barniak has many modalities, she mentions, “I have fortunately always been able to find employment in Rad/CT or a Cardiac Cath Lab. I would say these are my most useful certifications.” The job market for cardiovascular technologists and vascular technologists are rapidly growing. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a projection of twenty-nine percent in employment between 2010 and 2020 is expected. The authors of Hot Health Care Careers noted, “This technology is increasingly being used to detect heart attacks and heart and vascular

The goal of the feature extraction and selection is to reduce the dimension of the data. In this experiment the dimension of the AVIRIS and HYDICE images reduced to 20 from 220 and 191 respectively using PCA. From the PCA analysis we can see that image of principal component 1 is brightest and sharpest than other PCA image which is illustrated in figure-2.

Biographical: G.B., 20, Male, Caucasian, DOB: 01/23/1993, Student, Dr. Wang, Orientated to person, time and place, reliable source of information. No deficits in mental ability.

Escalating advancements in medical technology has been very beneficial in diagnosing patients and providing patients with the best care possible. The use of technology in medicine has saved, extended, and improved lives. Modern day equipment in the medical field is nothing short of remarkable. The merger of technology and medicine has increased quality of life and maintained health. For example, technology has introduced equipment and improved medical research. A sonographer uses a transducer, which involves high frequency sound waves and as they reach internal organs, they are displayed on a screen as an image. This device is simple yet so crucial in ultrasounds because they diagnose the causes of infections, heart disease, blood clots

Sometimes atherosclerosis occurs in the carotid arteries, especially at the bifurcation or the point where the common carotid divides into the internal and external carotids. Atherosclerosis means that a potentially dangerous plaque has formed on the artery wall. Plaque is a sticky material made of fat and calcium which hardens the arteries and can block the flow of blood. This narrowing is sometimes called a carotid artery stenosis, meaning that the carotid artery has narrowed significantly.

According to a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) report, one out of three Americans suffers hypertension (HTN), and that accounts for 75 million or 29% of the adult population in the United States (U.S). All told, hypertension costs America 48.6 billion dollars in health care expenditures, medications, and missed days of work among the American population (CDC, 2016). According to the Texas Health Data (2013), death rate among 26,448,193 residents of Texas, 170.1 deaths are related to hypertensive heart disease (HHD). The AHRQ (2013) health expenditure data demonstrates that the southern region of the United States, which includes Texas, exceeded the average health expenditure of $805 per hypertensive person.

Multiple Vessel Coronary Artery Disease (i.e. Ischemic Heart Disease), Diagnostic Code 414.00, I25.10 – “Patients had a high comorbidity burden [of stroke] … ischemic heart disease” [5]

There is no cure for peripheral arterial disease however with lifestyle changes and medication symptoms can be reduced. Lifestyle changes such as; Exercising more regular is important because it conditions the muscles to use the oxygen it is receiving more efficiently. Eating a healthier diet will help control blood pressure and cholesterol levels which contribute to atherosclerosis. Smoking is a big factor in developing and worsening peripheral arterial disease, by quitting smoking the risk of complications will be reduced. Avoiding certain cold medication is also important as these may restrict blood vessels and aggregate the symptoms. Taking care of feet are very important this can be done by washing, drying and moisturising daily, wearing

Artery coronariasLa artery disease coronary (EAC) affects more than 15 million Americans, being both the most common type of cardiovascular disease. The EAC and its complications, such as arrhythmia, angina pectoris and heart attack, are the main causes of death in the United States. The most frequent cause of EAC is a disease known as 'atherosclerosis' that occurs when forms a waxy substance within the arteries that irrigate the heart. This substance, called «plate», is composed of cholesterol, fatty, calcium and a coagulant substance called «fibrin». Identified two types of plate: plate hard and soft plate.

Title: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: A prospective study

Cerebrovascular disease or the term stroke is used to describe the effects of an interruption of the blood supply to a localised area of the brain. It is characterized by rapid focal or global impairment of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death (Hatano, 1976). As such it is a clinically defined syndrome and should not be regarded as a single disease. Stroke affects 174-216 people per 10,000 population in the UK per year and accounts for 11% of all deaths in England and Wales (Mant et al, 2004). The risk of recurrent stroke within 5 years is between 30-43%. One problem is that the incidence of stroke rises steeply with age and the number of elderly people in the UK is on the increase. To date people who experience a stroke occupy around 20 per cent of all acute hospital beds and 25 per cent of long term beds (Stroke Association, 2004). The British Government now identifies stroke as a major economic burden on the National Health Service (DoH, 2002). This paper will focus on an examination of a case study to understand the human toll of a stroke and how nurses can help these patients.

Gill, R., 2012. The physics and technology of diagnostic ultrasound: a practitioner's guide. Abbotsford, N.S.W.: High Frequency Publishing.

Registration in levels are done. After pre-filtering apply the 2D-DMWT to the registered input images. They have appoint different weights to multi-wavelet coefficient using an activity level measurement. After that grouping is done and coefficient selection is done then consistence verification is done. At last inverse discrete multi-wavelets Transform is applied and post filter is used. After that we get fused image. In this paper authors have showed that qualitatively multi-wavelet transform give better performance than wavelet and this can be happen with proper selection of multi-wavelet transform.[19]