“Linking Coevolution History to Ecological Process: Dove and Lice” is a hypothesis-based article by Clayton and Johnson (2003). This hypothesis was tested through comparison of data using the reconstruction and analyses of phylogenetic trees. In this study, a 1045 base-pair portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 gene was sequenced for 13 species of doves. For lice, DNA was extracted by removing the head from the body and amplified using PCR. A tree was constructed using equally weighted parsimony and 1000 replicates of bootstrap analyses. Maximum likelihood analysis was used and 100 maximum-likelihood bootstrap resampling replicates were constructed. Cophylogenetic analyses involved using comparisons of host and parasite trees that resulted from equally weighted …show more content…
Unweighted parsimony analysis of combined gene regions of wing lice also produced a single tree. Maximum-likelihood analysis produced a tree that was mostly similar to the parsimony tree. In this tree, four of eight branches resulted in over 50% of bootstrap replicates. Unweighted parsimony analysis of body lice produced a single tree where eight of eleven nodes resulted in over 70% of bootstrap replicates. Maximum-likelihood analysis produced a tree that was mostly similar to the parsimony tree and resulted in eight of eleven nodes supporting over 60% of bootstrap replicates. Cophylogenetic analysis of wing lice and dove phylogenies showed three or four cospeciation events in likelihood and parsimony trees which was found to not be more than expected by chance. For body lice, there were eight cospeciation events. This was more than what could have happened by chance. When wing lice was forced to be 100% host specific, the same amount of cospeciation events
To compare the impact of evolution on different organisms a study was conducted by: carefully examining the species of birds with each other. This was accomplished through using a sample population of 200 birds. Moreover, there were other factors that were taken into account (in order to ensure objectivity and accuracy). The below table is illustrating those factors that were considered to be the most important during this study. ("Evolution Lab," 2012)
Vladimir Mayakovsky's “The Bedbug,” written in 1928-1929, appears to satirize the New Economic Policy. Mayakovsky separates his play into two acts to demonstrate two contrasting ideas, and the idea to stop the progressing bureaucracy from being a participant in the fight for communist power. In “The Bedbug,” Zoya Beryozkina is a working class woman who is rejected by Prisypkin; he abandons the working class world to marry a bourgeoisie woman in the effort to advance himself in society. After attempting suicide, Zoya seems to be quite fine fifty years later when they unfreeze Prisypkin from the past. The first half of the play ends with a tragic fire killing everyone in its presence, with one man unaccounted for. Ironically the only people to survive and advance are Zoya, the working class woman who attempts suicide in scene two, and the people who are associated with the working class. These two acts reflect the removal of the apparatchiks who took advantage of the resources supplied to them by the working class. This is demonstrated in scene one when
As seen with Anolis, single species of organisms have the ability to undergo adaptive radiation and become new species by filling niches in a given environment. This is prevalent not only in Anolis, but other model organisms as well, such as finches, sticklebacks, and cichlids. All of these organisms have gone through the similar mechanisms and processes to evolve into different species. Alike to Anolis, they have gone through reproductive isolation, adaptation, and convergent evolution. Due to a poor fossil record of Anolis, the other model organisms may give better outlook on how they have diverged overtime. Further investigations on all of these organisms and their evolutionary mechanisms would not only give better a better idea of ecological speciation, but more comprehension on the origin of all
If this research continued on, this study can test various lengths of hindwing tails in separate evolutionary counter events in
The animal from my March field guide that I chose to report on is the Common Ground Dove. The common name for this bird is the Common Ground Dove and its scientific name is Columbina passerina. The bird was located outside my house in Crystal City, Texas. The Common Ground Dove looked as if it was in search of food, while it walked on the front lawn. It then flew away when approached. My opinion is that the size of the bird affected its decision to fly away. Since it is a small bird, it is more fearful of bigger animals. This bird is found in the southern U.S, Mexico, central America, the Caribbean Islands, and the northern part of South America. They are found in open areas that have bushes and trees. They can also be found in forests with
For many decades and centuries, the cultural clashes between the first nation people and the Euro-Canadians have always caused tension to up rise. This goes way back to the late 15th century when the first European (the English) settlers arrived in eastern Canada claiming the land, followed by the French. As years went by, more European settlers arrived and this caused more natives to become marginalized physically (through killings), politically and economically. Mourning Dove’s under the whispering pines conveys some of the negative perspectives, such as viewing the natives as savages or subhuman. These perspectives are still very common today and still continue to marginalise native Canadians economically especially native women, as Sky
Additionally, I. longirostris was genetically different among and across rivers. This first insights about the population genetic structure of I. longirostris is crucial for monitoring the genetic diversity, management and conservation of its populations and complementing the genetic studies in Prochilodontidae.
Variation in allele frequency through time will be the net result of colonizing and extinction processes in the population. In other words, while species abundance in the population may remain stable over time, genetic diversity may vary (Figure 1). For instance, we would expect populations at earlier stages of establishment to exhibit greater genetic turnover rate compared to populations that are well established (Figure 1). For the black-legged tick in southern Quebec, all populations regardless of establishment stage will likely be experiencing regular influxes of new genetic material from the introduction of new individuals. However, the relative amount of novel genetic material relative to that already present locally will differ depending on the establishment stage (Figure 1). For populations still undergoing recolonization-extinction cycles, the relative amounts of novel genetic material will likely be much greater compared to local genetic material due to high local mortality rates (Figure 1). In this case, we would expect to observe great amounts of genetic turnover over time, assuming that introduced individuals originated from multiple random source populations. Conversely, populations that are well established with a self-sustaining pool of local individuals would likely have enough local genetic material to mask the signal of any introduced material (Figure 1). Therefore,
Consensus tree (50% majority rule) of the African cichlid phylogeny based on the concatenated dataset. The dataset comprises mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of nine independent markers. Green numbers at nodes refer to bootstrap-values (BS, 1000 replicates) of the ML run and black numbers to Bayesian poste- rior probabilities (BPP). Filled circles represent a 100% BS support and 1.00 BPP and empty circles 1.00 BPP and lower BS val- ues. Major groups within the phylogeny were named based on either their center of geographic distribution (Austrotilapiini and Boreotilapiini) or based on taxonomic aspects (Oreochromini). The asterisk (*) in the tree marks the type species of the genus Tilapia. The leaf stability index exceeded 0.95 for all specimens, except for clade AI (all taxa 0.90). Note that for clade AI only representatives of the EAR are included. The results presented here were verified using a more detailed taxon sampling based on ND2 (see additional file 3). The map in
In the case of ring species, natural selection and sexual selection each play a role in the divergence of ring species. Selective pressures allowed one phenotype to survive better than others in a certain area; sexual selection could cause divergence because organisms choose mates based on phenotypes. In the case of salamanders, natural selection affected divergence because organisms with certain coloration survived better in coastal or inland environments. In warblers, sexual selection and natural selection seem to play a part in the divergence of the ring species, as forest density and migration distance is variable and affects survival of the species. Molecular and morphological evidence can be used to support multiple species by showing
Head lice. Did you suddenly became overwhelmed by need to scratch your scalp after reading those words? I did. Head lice have been around for many years and the need to get rid of them has been around for about the same time. In recent years over-the-counter treatments have become the miracle workers for getting rid of head lice, but what would happen if our number one defense stopped affecting them.
The chelonian scientific community currently recognizes two subspecies of C. serpentina, namely C. s. osceola
Please answer each question in the format of a short essay, providing details and/or examples from journal articles, textbook chapters, lectures, student presentations, etc. as reference. Unless otherwise noted, please use only class material to answer questions and cite your references appropriately. 50 total points. Exam is due at 5 pm on May 4 (D2L Dropbox).
This fable tells a story about a wasps and a partridges who overcome with thirst, came to a farmer and besought him to give them some water to drink. They promised amply to repay him the favor which they asked. Their words sound so attractive. In fact ,they merely said about it, and didn’t do anything practical. On the contrary, the two oxen without making any promises but they did all the things. As a result, the farmer would rather give the water to the oxen than give the wasps and the partridges who were only to make empty promises.
Head lice are small, pesky bugs that spend their days living on the human scalp and feeding on human blood. These parasites are a common problem world-wide with more than 6 million cases per year solely in the United States (Bartels, Peterson, & Taylor, 2001). A study recently conducted in the United States shows that most head lice have become resistant to over- -the-counter medications, making it harder than ever for people to get rid of the parasites. The study took lice from 48 states and through genomic DNA extraction between lice of the same sex and life span found that one to three genetic mutations that are giving lice the ability to endure the most popular over-the-counter treatments, specifically insecticides called permethrins and