Down Syndrome: A Genetic Cause Of Intellectual Disabilities

“Down’s syndrome or learning difficulties are at a lower risk of 4 in 10 infants per 1000 live infants born”.

Down syndrome is a type of genetic disorder that stems from an abnormal increase in the production of a specific chromosome which is a person’s genetic blueprint. The results of the additional genetic material alters the normal course of development experienced by people and causes the characteristics associated with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is most “A few of the common physical traits of Down syndrome are low muscle tone, small stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm” (National Institute of Health 2015) In addition, “physical development in children with Down syndrome is often slower than development of children without Down syndrome. For example, because of poor muscle tone, a child with Down syndrome may be slow to learn to turn over, sit, stand, and walk”. (A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia, 2012) although they also stated that eventually children with Down syndrome will be able to reach these important milestones.

Down syndrome is a disorder with a genetic basis: the fertilized egg that develops into a child with Down syndrome has three Chromosome 21s instead of the two found in individuals without Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome experience neurocognitive deficits in the areas of language development, communication, memory, and higher order thinking skills that depend on judgment and integration of concepts (Davis, 2008). The significance of these impairments for teachers and educational systems is that children with Down syndrome learn at a slower rate than other children, but they are capable of learning in integrated classroom assistance when targeted accommodations have been identified and made available. Invariably, teachers in integrated settings who have students with Down syndrome in their classes will make targeted instructional decisions that are designed to capitalize on the students' strengths and minimize their weaknesses. This paper discusses successful strategies that are adaptable to the education of students with Down syndrome in integrated educational environments.

Down syndrome is a very personal experience for me and my family. My mother currently cares for her younger brother who has Down syndrome. He is wheel chair bound, in and out of the hospital and primarily under the care of his siblings. I have witnessed the challenges that my family faces daily while attempting to understand a love one’s limited abilities, and difficulties functioning in a normal life capacity. This paper will focus on the symptoms of Down syndrome, the impact it has on an individual with the disorder, the family members, and caregivers. I have researched the topic with the hopes of explaining the concerns, treatment, and coping strategies

The term genetic disorders describe problems caused in the genes by abnormalities of the genome (Genetic). These genetic disorders are typically rare and are passed on from parent to offspring by recessive or dominant alleles, commonly known as gene types. One of these many rare disorders is Down syndrome. There are three types of Down syndrome: trisomy 21, translocation Down syndrome, and mosaic Down syndrome. Down syndrome is an incurable congenital disorder arising from a chromosomal defect, which results in a multitude of physical and cognitive symptoms (Missing).

Organ systems such as the brain, digestive tract, endocrine system, heart, eyes, ears, muscles, and bones can all be affected by Down syndrome. A patient with the brain affected by Down syndrome can have intellectual disabilities, delayed speech, and delayed motor skills. When the brain is affected they may also have Autistic behavior and even have Alzheimer disease. A person with Down syndrome may have malformed intestines or even other gastrointestinal diseases. They may become hypothyroid or diabetic as well. Cataracts, glaucoma, crossed eyes, or even hearing loss and chronic ear infections have been associated with Down syndrome. Short stature, predisposition to obesity, and abnormally loose joints are all physical abnormalities associated with Down

The possessor of this genotype has the genetic disorder called Down syndrome. Down syndrome is caused by this person having chromosome 21, which is also called Trisomy 21. There are different things you see in people with Down syndrome such as, different physical and mental traits. This genetic condition varies between each person with this genetic disorder. They all have similar features, but do not look the same.

There are no single treatment for Down’s syndrome. The treatments must be based on each individual disabilities such as behavioral, physical or intellectual needs. The medical support for Down syndrome requires multidisciplinary team plans; this is needed to support the child’s potential for development interruptions. The multidisciplinary team consist of physicians, nurses, special educators, speech therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, family and social workers. Everyone should provide simultaneous and reassurance to the child. At physical therapist includes “activities and exercises that help build motor skills, increase muscle strength, and improve posture and balance. A physical therapist also can help a child with

Individuals with Down syndrome can have characteristics of challenging behaviors, which is defined as “behavior emitted by a learner that results in self injuries or injury of others, causes damage to the physical environment, interferers with the of new skills, and/or socially isolates the learner” (Na & Wilkinson, 2015). AAC can help promote communication and minimize disruptions and challenging behaviors. AAC systems are all set up differently, and it is important to match the person with Down syndrome to the correct system. The layout of the symbols is important in aided visual AAC. Originally the symbols have been laid out in a row-column grid, in this study, a perimeter arrangement was used. The study found that identification of

Until the mid-twentieth century, Down Syndrome was considered a mysterious genetic condition that not many scientists or common people could understand or accurately describe. More specifically, members of the society realized that people with Down Syndrome were different — but they could not distinguish or diagnosticate the characteristics or the causes of the condition. Although that is true, scientists and doctors like Jérôme Lejeune, Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, and Édouard Séguin had investigated and recognized certain indicative attributes of those with Down Syndrome. However, none of them composed a fully descriptive study that corresponded with the lives of a majority of Down Syndrome patients. In due time, (1866) British doctor John Langdon Down presented a comprehensive, widely acclaimed, and unrefuted portraiture of what Down Syndrome truly resembles.

The purpose of this case study is primarily to identify important factors of exceptional children with Down Syndrome, that can lead to different development in: cognitive skills, physical and emotional adaptation, intellectual ability and other characteristics that may interfere in all aspects of Early Childhood Development. I expect to bring awareness and understanding regarding exceptional children and how these differences affect their development.

Even though people with Down syndrome were alluded to in art, literature, and science for year little was known about it (What Is Down Syndrome?”).

Down syndrome is a congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, the chromosome causing the problems is Chromosome 21. This disorder affects about 1 in 700 births in the United States. Currently there are about 400,000 Americans that have Down syndrome, with approximately 6,000 babies are born with Down syndrome each year. The disorder forms during fertilization or soon after fertilization. Fertilization occurs when the sperm binds to zona pellucida, then the sperm undergoes acrosome reaction which will lyses a hole in zona pellucida, and then the sperm and egg membrane fuse. Once the membranes fuse, the sperms genetic material gets released and gets combined with the egg’s chromosomes, thus resulting in a 46 chromosome fertilized egg.

Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder. It is caused by having an extra chromosome 21. Those with down syndrome can have impaired speech, memory, and language. Parenting is very important for child development. The purpose of this study is to compare parenting styles of those with Down Syndrome children and children with Typical Development. In this study, thirty-five women that have children with Down Syndrome and forty-seven mothers that had typical development children filled out forms about child behaviors and parenting. In this article, Baumrind’s three parenting styles are explained. His parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These styles include a combination of demanding from parents and their

there is three copies of the genes on chromosome 21 rather than two. This is a common