Down Syndrome Research Paper

Down syndrome is an intellectual disability that is a result of a person being born with an extra chromosome, specifically chromosome 21. Down syndrome is the most common intellectual disability affecting approximately 1 in every 1000 births (Asim, Kumar, Muthuswamy, Jain, & Agarwal, 2015). Research has found a direct link between the age of the mother and the possibility that the baby will be born with Down syndrome, with the occurrence of Down syndrome increasing proportionally with the increased age of the mother (Asim, 2015). This condition can cause both intellectual (cognitive) and physical impairments that can range from moderate to severe (Crosta, 2016). People with Down syndrome have physical impairments such as a flat face, little to no neck, small ears, slated eyes, shorter than normal limbs and they tend to have low muscle tone (Asim, 2015). Children with Down syndrome tend to have a slower development of natural movements such as sitting, crawling and walking (Crosta, 2015). Intellectually people with Down syndrome tend to have a below average intelligence and most often they need extra assistance when attending school (Asim, 2015).

From the perspective of a boy who has a brother with downs syndrome. My little brother Bryce who is 12 years old has downs syndrome, he has always been a major handful. There are advantages and disadvantages to having a brother like him. I hear lots of different opinions about people like him. It is hard to teach him how to do things. You might think it wouldn’t be that much of a difference between having a normal sibling and a special needs sibling, but there is.

At birth, an infant with Down syndrome displays hypotonia, low muscle tone. His or her head droops and appendages dangle when picked up. This is an indication of damage to the

“According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 700 babies within the United States is born with Down syndrome. This makes Down syndrome the most common chromosomal condition, and about 6,000 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States each year. In 1866 down syndrome was described as a disorder but there was no evidence on what caused it. Later in 1959 it was discovered that down syndrome was a genetic disorder that it was mostly known for delays in cognitive development. Down syndrome can lead to mild or moderate learning disabilities, unique facial characteristics, and low muscle tone in infancy.” Although here is no cure for Down syndrome the way we can help is by giving them the education and proper care so that they will have endless opportunities.

Down syndrome is inherited because of a chromosomal error. It occurs when someone gains an extra 21 chromosome. Usually, an individual will inherit two copies of chromosome 21, one from each parent. The extra 21 chromosomes can be inherited in three different ways, which results in three different types of Down syndrome: trisomy 21 (nondisjunction), mosaicism, and translocation. Trisomy 21 or nondisjunction is the most common form of Down syndrome; responsible for 95 percent of all the cases of Down syndrome. In this type of Down syndrome, the embryo contains three 21 chromosomes which is the result of the sperm or egg cell failing to

Following several technical and medical advances and breakthroughs in the twentieth century, in 1959 French physician Jerome Lejeune identified Down Syndrome as a chromosomal abnormality. It was noted that there was 47 chromosomes in the cell of an afflicted person versus the normal 46. It was later determined that there was a third chromosome 21, called trisomy-21 (figure 1). Down Syndrome occurs in about 1 in every 800 to 1000 births and has affected more than 350,000 lives in the US alone It is caused by the extra chromosome 21 when an embryo has three copies of chromosome 21. Ninety-five percent of the time this is caused by disjunction during cell division. Due to younger women’s higher fertility rate, 80% of Down Syndrome babies are born to women under age 35. However, the chances of having a Down Syndrome baby increases with age of the parents.2 The phenotypes, or symptoms, of a Down Syndrome face are as follows: low muscle tone (weak muscle structure), small nose, flat face, slanted eyes (upward) and abnormally shaped ears (figure 2)

According to NIH (2014) speech therapy, physical therapy and emotional/ behavioral therapy can be used to improve these issues. Speech language therapy is used for improving their speech. Physical therapy is used for improving their motor skills by helping to improve the way that they turn over, crawl, and reach while they are infants. Physical therapy can help a Down’s syndrome Children improve their walking pattern. The need provided for children with lack of self-care skills is occupational therapy because this type of therapy helps with teaching tasks such as eating, getting dressed, writing, using a computer. Children with Down’s syndrome that have difficulties with interpersonal skills may need emotional and behavioral therapy. Emotional and Behavioral Therapy helps Down Syndrome Children learn how to respond to situations in their life by teach them how to deal with their emotions and developing interpersonal

People with Down syndrome bring happiness to others as they are completely innocent. Most people do not want this factor to leave their lives. Others believe if Down syndrome is cured, than they will lose their jobs for teaching them, taking care of them, etc. The fact is that, people with Down syndrome are special in the world in many

People with down syndrome experience multiple physical changes as well as developmental problems. Some common physical symptoms of down syndrome include having flattened facial features, upward slanted eyes, short neck, white spots on the iris of the eye, protruded tongue, small head, ears, hands and feet. Additionally, they have poor muscle tones, short hands with a single crease in the palm, small pinky fingers that are sometimes curved towards the thumb, and are shorter than their peers. Other behavioral symptoms may include having a short attention span, poor judgement, delayed language and speech development and slow learning skills. As an individual with down syndrome gets older, they are at a higher risk of getting

Down syndrome is where every cell in the body has a nucleus, genetic material is then stored in genes. Some of those genes carry codes that are responsible for the inherited traits that are grouped up along rod-like structures that are called chromosomes. Down syndrome is the part that occurs when one individual has a partial or full copy of chromosome 21. The nucleus of each cells contain 23 different pairs of chromosomes, half of those which are inherited from each of the parent. Some common traits of Down syndrome are low muscle tones, upward slant in the eyes, and single deep crease across the center of the palm. Approximately 400,000 Americans have Down syndrome and almost 6,000 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States

Down syndrome is a set of physical and mental traits caused by a gene problem that happens before birth. Children who have Down syndrome tend to have certain features, such as a flat face and a short neck. They also have some degree of intellectual disability. This varies from person to person. But in most cases it is mild to moderate. Down syndrome is a lifelong condition. But with care and support, children who have Down syndrome can grow up to have healthy, happy, productive lives.

There are many symptoms of Down syndrome. The symptoms that one can see are: low muscle tone, smaller stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm. Down syndrome babies can be born normal size, but development is twice as slow as a non-Down’s child. The mental side effects are: impulsive behavior, poor judgment, short attention span, and slow learning capabilities. The

syndrome. This disease is named after John Langdon Down, who was the first physician to tell about the disease systematically. This disease sometimes referred to as 47 or trisomy 21, is a very serious life altering disease. Down syndrome is caused by an extra or partial chromosome 21,which is called nondisjunction. Nondisjunction happens when chromosomes are distributed incorrectly during egg and sperm formation. Most body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent, adding to 46 chromosomes. When you have an extra chromosome it adds to 47, causing down syndrome. When the egg meets the sperm to form a normal embryo, the embryo gets three copies of chromosome 21. After that the chromosome is copied to each cell as the baby develops. In some rare cases down syndrome is cased by Robertsonian Translocation. This is when the long arm of the chromosome 21 break off and attaches itself to another chromosome at the centromere. People which have such a translation will not have down syndrome, but can have children with down syndrome. There is only one chromosome affected by this horrendous disease. Down Syndrome controls several aspects of the human body. Chromosomes play an extremely important role in human life. Chromosomes are the blueprint of genes, which is human life. Having a disability

The child with Down syndrome is in need of the same kind of medical care as any other child. The pediatrician or family physician should provide general health maintenance, immunizations, attend to medical emergencies, and offer support and counseling to the family. There are, however, situations when children with Down syndrome need special attention.

Down syndrome can not be cured, but you can receive treatment. It can last for years or even a lifetime. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21. This type of disease requires a medical diagnosis. Down syndrome causes an apparent facial appearance, psychological disability, developmental delays, and could be associated with thyroid or heart disease. Intervention programs with a team of therapists and special educators can treat each child's specific situation is helpful in controlling down syndrome. The most common ages that are affected range between 0-40. The average life expectancy for a person with trisomy 21 is around 60 years old. Most incidents of Down syndrome occur with young, healthy mothers. Each year there are more than 200,000 US cases of down syndrome. Currently, there is no known way to prevent trisomy