Dr. Brian Parkinson 's Research And Teaching Positions At Liverpool, Leicester, And Sheffield Universities

Thesis Statement: Body language expresses emotions and actions unconsciously and differs between men and women depending on their brain type, emotional experience and culture.

“Emotions are the cornerstones of our social worlds, affecting our interactions with others in countless ways” (Soto, Levenson, and Ebling, 2005). The domain of emotion is vast with many aspects to investigate and discover. Research suggests that there are basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise and also more complex emotions such as contempt, embarrassment, pride, and shame (Tracy & Robins, 2008). Two areas of interest in the literature culture (e.g., Tsai, Levensen, & McCoy, 2006) and gender (e.g., Hess, Adams, & Kleck, 2004).

According to the functionalist perspective on emotions, emotions are defined as an attempt by the individual to establish, maintain, change, or terminate the relation between the environment and the individual (Frijda, 1986). This approach is intrinsically relational and suggests that one cannot understand emotion without considering the individual within any given context. Thus, emotions are conceptualized as being flexible, contextually bound, and goal directed, and are critical for guiding interpersonal relations (Butler, Lee, & Gross, 2007; Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994). In order to understand how emotions influence interpersonal relations one must consider the role of cultural context. Culture influences the way in which

Ashkanasy, N. M., Zerbe, W. J., & Härtel, C. E. (2002). Managing emotions in the workplace. ME Sharpe. Retrieved March 21, 2017 from https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nUiRnxzD68UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=N.+M.+Ashkanasy,+C.+E.+J.+Hartel,+and+W.+J.+Zerbe+(eds.),+Emotions+in+the+Workplace:+Research+Theory+and+Practice+(&ots=S-KCim_1_h&sig=4JpsB9u67hD6nObcHRAD_F5t2hE&redir_esc=y#v=onePage&q=N.%20M.%20Ashkanasy%2C%20C.%20E.%20J.%20Hartel%2C%20and%20W.%20J.%20Zerbe%20(eds.)%2C%20Emotions%20in%20the%20Workplace%3A%20Research%20Theory%20and%20Practice%20(&f=false

Fayard, J. V., Roberts, B. W., Robins, R. W., & Watson, D. (2012). Uncovering the Affective

In this book review of Molecules of Emotion by Dr Candace Pert, an analysis and evaluation in light of specific issues and application to a biological psychology course is presented. First, an overview of the literature’s importance and purpose is discussed. Next, a breakdown on the relevancy of the topics discussed within the book. This analysis considers whether the content is based in empirical science, how the content influences the field of mind-body connection science, and the potential of the information for other students. This book was first published 17 years ago, and while some of the ideas it explains have been embraced by the natural healing professions, some are generally still not accepted by allopathic medicine. The analysis demonstrates whether there is significance to the course, and any insights into course content.

Supervisors are likely to be key definers of emotional display rules within the organization, given their direct influence on worker's high-performance expectations. Moreover, supervisors' need to suppress negative emotions on the job influence the employees' impressions of the emotional display rules (Diefendorff & Richard, 2003). Finally, dispositional state of the employee have an effect on emotional labor. This refers to the employees capability to use facial expressions, voice, gestures, and body movements to transmit emotions (Friedman, Prince, Riggio, & DiMatteo,

In 1973, American Philosophy Professor Robert Solomon wrote an extraordinary paper called “Emotions and Choice”. He had a controversial and unique perspective that emotions were judgments and as such people have the ability to change these emotions with inputs from other judgments. Years later another Philosophy Professor named Jenefer Robinson countered Solomon with the paper Startle in The Journal of Philosophy in 1995. This paper used the example of involuntary muscle movement to prove that we can have emotions without judgments and therefore we cannot completely control emotions. Finally, Solomon returns to defend and amend his argument to fire back against critics. He asserts that emotions contain judgments, but that doesn’t always mean cognitive judgments, there are also bodily judgments therefore we can amend emotional responses to situations over time and ultimately affect and control emotions.

Emotions are important aspects of human’s diurnal interactions. It allows human to freely express what they really feel and what they think about the person they are interacting with. However, society has certain demands of condition where humans are allowed to express their emotion or not, thus giving human capability to alter how they truly feel and hiding the genuineness of their emotion.

In this essay I will discuss the particulars of emotion as described and theorized by Antonio Damasio. First, I will explain Damasio’s three-stage definition of emotion, and then apply this definition to an evolutionary perspective of emotion; more specifically, the evolutionary and biological benefits of an organism possessing emotion. Next, I dive deeper into Demasio theory of emotion, by distinguishing between his idea of primary and secondary emotions. By way of Damasio’s three-stage definition of emotion and an experiment he conducts on brain damaged patient, I will then discuss whether or not humans are always aware of how their emotions influence their behavior. Next, I will temporarily suspend my focus on Damasio’s work to explain how Block and Chalmers distinguish between conscious awareness and conscious experience. Subsequently, I will resume my focus on Damasio’s work, by evaluating how the aforesaid experiment applies to Damasio’s brain damaged patient. Finally, I will conclude by reflecting on the overall picture of emotion and emotional experience, and use it to discuss the prospects and motivations of building emotional machines.

The face serves as a primary medium for the exchange of nonverbal communication between people (Green,Williams, Davidson, 2003; Willis, Windsor, Lawson, Ridley, 2014). It has been widely accepted that facial expressions are not only used to indicate a current emotional state but also indicate certain social cues as well. For instance, a facial expression facilitating anger can not only relay information about mood but also tell the target decoding the facial expression to fix a current problem within the relationship or to stay weary of threat related issues within the environment (Fox, Lester, Russo, Bowles, Pichler, Dutton, 2000; Green et al., 2003; Willis et al.,

It has been claimed that human emotions are the sole product of biological functioning. The James Lange Theory of Emotion (1884) proposes that there are three components of emotions which can be attributed to the automatic nervous system (ANS). The three components are Cognition (appraisal of the event), Action (Fight or flight) and Feeling (Aspect of the emotion). Here we see that a biological attribution of emotion has been in place since the 1800s and has been common knowledge for some time. This essay will assess and examine evidence that has been provided to support the idea that emotions are the product of biology.

The ability to accurately interpret facial expressions of emotion can be considered crucial to social interaction (Arango de Montis, Brune, Fresón, Ortega Font, Villanueva, Saracco, & Muñoz-Delgado, 2013). Facial expressions are physiological correlates to complex mental states, thus their major function being to swiftly communicate the current internal state, such as happiness and confusion, between individuals (Fasel & Luettin, 2003; Blair, 2003). For example, the behavioural phenotype for the positive mental state happiness is most commonly known to be a smile. However negative mental states such as contempt, anger, jealousy, distress, and fear, are represented by a more diverse range of facial expressions (Arango de Montis et al., 2013). This could be explained through an evolutionary perspective, where negative expressions provided vital information to survival by communicating if there was danger, and of what kind (i.e. an angry expression during confrontation or a peer’s face portraying fear) (Ohman & Mineka, 2001). Subsequently, interpersonal and social conflict may arise from the inability to accurately interpret the information that facial expressions reveal (Leber, Heidenreich, Stangier, & Hofmann, 2009). There are multiple issues that may affect the misinterpretation of facial expressions. In one particular area of this field, evidence has been given in the last several years that suggest a positive influence of non-clinical trait anxiety on the accurate

It is surprising that people rarely consider the intensity of inclusion of emotions when interacting with others. In communication, it gets even worse because we end up using the aspect of emotion to interpret what is being passed (Beebe et al. 82). One theory that explain best how emotions play a role communication is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion (Beebe et al. 42). This model was developed by William James and Carl Lange and shows how emotion can be used to impact negatively on the communication process. According to Beebe et al., the James-Lange Theory of Emotion is

Chapter 3 explores the concept of universally shared basic emotions, an idea that was first advanced as a theory by Charles Darwin. Paul Ekman and Jakk Panksepp studied the concept of