Drabek & Payne(1999) investment inflows. Bribery, corruption, and precarious commercial strategies

The Gilded Age was an interesting time where the government implemented a laissez faire stance on companies and the economic world. Due to this stance there would be a frequent amount of unethical actions and policies applied to common practice for larger business. The bigger unethical players in the game included: the railroads, Tammany Hall, and even the Federal government itself.

As said in every economics class, the reason every business goes into business is to make money. The same can be said in criminal cases involving businesses. In the majority of cases, executives and people highly ranked in the company tend to bend the numbers in the financial/accounting areas of the business or corporation. They do not do this for fun, but rather to make money. Something needs to be done before corporations really get out of hand.

The corruptin is the abusive and inefficient use of resources by trusted powers for private gain. Corruption is not committed to the rule of law, justice, human rights and the integrity of public service, and it hurts every one who's life, livelihood, or happiness depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority.Some times it's devastating impact is more visible . The governance ,transparency ,and fighting corruption is so important to sustaine economic growth.

Scandal, bribery, and corruption: all aspects of everyday life, and sports. With countless scandals hitting the news every day, it is easy to see that sports “players” are no exception. With scandal comes crisis communication. Rhetors use strategic language and techniques to save face and restore image after a scandal. Apologia theory is a crisis communication concept which aims to categorize the strategies used in rhetoric to apologize, defend oneself, and restore an individual or organization 's image. Theorist have studied famous speeches and situations from Bill Clinton to Tiger woods, using apologia as the lens to understand how we react in times of crisis. In the case of the recent bribing scandal involving Eric Black, a Southampton

Latin America may therefore include FDI as a key component of their modernization strategy, because of the potential benefits FDI is likely to generate to their economies. In particular, Latin American

FDI allows the home country to invest into the host country to produce, advertise, and distribute products, in order to upsurge their market share and provides a long-term investment and enhancement. (Moosa, 2002)

The effects can be negative or positive. According to the theory of Hill (2003), FDI can affect host countries on resources-transfer effects, employment, competition and product and process innovation. There are a small number of research available that explain the behaviour of local companies when FDI take place. Nevertheless, there are many research that explain the benefits for the local economy. Foreign direct investment can increased indirect productivity for host country companies through the realization of external economies. Generally these benefits indicates the importance of the way in which the influence is transmitted that referred as “spillovers” (BlomstrOrn,

A business bribe typically occurs when a company or representative gives money or financial considerations to another person, business or public official to gain favor or to manipulate business decisions of partners, suppliers or buyers. (Kokemuller, N. n.d.) Even if a transaction is never completed, the mere offering or soliciting of a bribe is enough to incur criminal liability. Bribery in business is illegal, just as it is in government and public organizations. Laws prohibiting bribery can be used to punish both the person offering the bribe, and the person receiving it. These laws are designed to root out corruption in the public and private sectors. (Legal resources, 2017). Bribery not only indicts the employee but it can also compromise a company and its officials. Bribery can be very gray are in business as a fine line exists between a bribe and a gift. Someone may be taking bribes for company designs, projects or company intellectual property. An employee who accepts a bribe or kickback be it from a vendor or for a contract lacks integrity and is certainly not ethical. There would be no counseling, no written reprimand only a termination notice as well as possible prosecution.

First of all, the investment flow into the host country does not produce an immediate effect but accrues benefits over a period of time and the level of the positive effect may vary from country to country. The conditions that FDI faces in the developing countries may slow down the process. The issue is that in order to make use of all benefits, which were discussed earlier, the host country has to have a certain level of education, technology, sufficient openness to trade and appropriate policy regulations. The restrictive policy or insufficient precondition state of economy of the host country will not bring the expected advantages. Moreover, the developing states having a low development level may experience certain disadvantage of the foreign direct

[UNCTAD2003] As a result, global FDI grew much faster than either trade or income in the last two decades. Whereas world real GDP increased at an average rate of 3.00% between 1985 and 2004 and world exports by 6.29%, world real inflows of FDI increased by 9.85%. The liberalization processes varied considerably, however, across countries in timing, speed, and magnitude.

The approach that the authors take to this issue is to ask to quantitative questions. The first is "are there productivity spillovers from FDI to domestic firms?" and the second is "If so, how much should countries be willing to pay to attract FDI?" The authors note that

In the past decades, there were many studies that carefully examined the issue of corruption in the institutional framework as well as its significance in politics and economics. Jakob Svensson (2005) has published a paper in which he defines corruption and compares it to taxation and lobbying. Svensson talks about the main measures of corruption in the world and a variety of institutional theories that try to explore causal factors of this issue and possible policies that could eliminate its extent in any country. There have also been studies that examined corruption at the firm’s level and the global level. Fisman and Svensson (2001) have found some significant evidence of the importance of corruption at the microeconomic level. They looked at the bribe payments in Uganda and obtained significant results studying the relationship between firms’ growth and bribery. Moreover, Mauro (1995) published his work which examines the global level of corruption and its influence on economic growth. According to his findings, the effect of corruption on economic growth is relative and increases in power only when corruption is combined with other factors. In this paper, we will explore the definition of corruption and its reflection on the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels.

bilateral FDI stock and flow data for more than 200 countries from 2001 to 2012. Since FDI

Although the consensus view in economic theory is that corruption has a negative impact on economic growth, there are instances where having a corrupt government has actually encouraged growth. These are instances where corruption is “economically expansionary Osterfeld (1992) . Leff (1964), has argued that some underdeveloped countries with a high level of bureaucracy and weak governance have been able to allocate resources more efficiently because of corrupt government officials. He argues that is because entrepreneurs and potential investors can sidestep the tremendous bureaucracy in these countries through the use of bribery (Leff, 1964). The Chinese economy in the 1980’s supports this theory because corruption acted as a means to “legalise enterprises” prior to Deng’s economic reforms. (Reyes, 2015).

Outside prompt endeavor (FDI) is consistently contributing in the valuable improvement toward the economy of one country in light of the hypothesis by another country or country 's personnel 's. The reasonability and adequacy of Global economy depends on the theorist 's perception, if wander seen with the inspiration driving long terms enthusiasm for the social-judicious change then it is said that the hypothesis contributes completely towards overall economy, in case it is transient with the deciding objective of making advantage then it may be less tremendous than that whole deal and disinvestment leads negative effect. The FDI may moreover be impacted due to the regulatory trade preventions and methodologies for the remote ventures and prompts less or more fruitful toward responsibility in economy furthermore GDP and GNP of the country.