Drivers Of Stability Of Mali

The book “How Terrorism End; Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns”, written in 2011 at the height of Al-Qaeda, the most well-known international terrorist group of our time. The author of this work, Audrey Cronin, at the time of print, served as a professor of strategy at the United States National War College in Washington D.C., and a senior associate at Oxford University’s Changing Character of War Program. Both positions allowed her to impact strategic policy making in the execution of the Global War on Terror by allowing her access to senior military and civilian policymakers. Her previous area of her prior work has been mainly focused on international terrorism with an emphasis on al-Qaeda. She has authored

Dictatorships are corrupt, but jihadist terrorist groups are far more destructive. Could it have been failed regime change which created a political vacuum that enabled ISIS to seize power? Critical mistakes made by America helped to construct the malicious growth of ISIS which in turn, suggests this was indeed the case. The theoretical idea that America has established international conflicts which sparked the rise of Isis is relevant to today’s world. Regardless of the fact that this is a controversial topic, it is hazardous to the numerous lives around the globe.

In 2013, I was part of Operation Beyond the Horizon (BTH). This is a civil-military mission, which included humanitarian and civic support. In addition, it provides medical, dental, and engineering assistance by Active Duty, National Guard, and Reserves. This is when I first knew about the country of El Salvador and the tragedy it had suffered. This concrete experience has given me the opportunity and real world experience to first hand see what insurgency can do to a Country. Even twenty years later, going in to rebuild schools, provide medical outposts, and repair infrastructures, it is evident that insurgency and its effects are still seen today. What follows is the brief history of insurgency in the Country of El Salvador.

From the time when the United States invaded Iraq eleven years ago, a noxious insurgence aeriated at numerous customs of conflict which has attested irrepressible, malleable, and tenacious strive to convey on hostility. A nation of Saddam and al-Zarqawi, Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) reins a third of conjointly Syria and Iraq in its charisma avowed bravura of war. Around the beginning of 2010, U.S. and Iraqi forces destroyed two topmost al-Qaeda and Iraq frontrunners; which then sanctioned Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to become the spearhead of an assemblage destabilized by a strenuous operation directed at culminating a Sunni uprising in the country (CNN, 2015). By virtually all provision, Iraq is entangled in civil war. In addition, ISIS has engrossed nearly twelve thousand supporters from overseas already and at least three thousand devotees are from the West (Feroli & Dulin, 2013).

  In Sub-Sahara Africa, during the last four decades thirty-five major armed conflicts have occurred, taking the lives of almost ten million people. There is a high correlation between the risk of conflict and a low ranking on the Human Development Index (HDI), due to the weak capacities and inability of these poor countries to guarantee the security of its citizens, rebellions and conflict have a high occurrence rate. United Nations has observed that conflicts

In a Western perspective, Africa is perceived as a poor, insecure, and violent continent. Although this statement is ignorant and disregards the multidimensional issues that are in each of the 54 countries, security and violence is a general issue in most African countries. African countries have not endured an easy history, and their history continues to create present conflicts. Their violent colonial past has left certain countries with ethnic rivalries and left their legacies with agents of security. Although the colonial past of African countries have been the leading cause of many of their current problems, they cannot be blamed for everything. Additionally, there is a positive correlated relationship between the state and the violence

In an attempt to gain local perspective of the most recent terror attacks in Western Africa, reporter Carley Petesch of the Associated Press has been stationed in the region as their lead West-African correspondent. In the article she discusses how the beach massacre in Ivory Coast and the attack on a Mali hotel have forced the United Nations and European Union to dispatch troops to the area, with the hopes of improving local security measures. She speaks with locals and an area security consultant to discuss how the terrorist group known as Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) continue to terrorize the region, and local governments are in need of international assistance to prevent future attacks.

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States, including its allies, waged brutal campaigns directed at the Al Qaeda leadership and, the Taliban in the Middle East. America’s fight against terrorism nonetheless consumed billions of dollars since the 9/11 attacks. Earlier, countries such as England, Spain, Italy, and Russia, similarly waged wars against the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, the Red Brigades and the Chechnya separatists. In most of these cases, research shed light on the mechanisms that led to the demise or the defeat of these terrorist groups. However, when it comes to similar groups located in the southern hemispheric countries such as Nigeria, the mechanisms leading to the group

2006-2007 marked a time of violence in Iraq. Following the American invasion of 2003, numerous terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda,were fighting a guerilla campaign against the American occupiers and their colleagues in the Iraqi Security Force. The American response was to implement a surge of troops, which was successful in reducing the organization and effectiveness of al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. But, following the 2011 withdrawal of American troops, we have recently seen a resurgence by al-Qaeda in Iraq.

I believe that Mali could have been saved. I think this way because after emperor, to emperor died another one had to take over, or else Mali would have died down very quickly. Each emperor had to have not had good leadership seeing how easily they died down and got taken over by other civilizations. The most detrimental thing that happened is probably bad leadership because if you don’t have that then how are you going to rule a civilization. The next thing is probably how they had droughts, and if you have droughts you can’t farm, and if you can farm you can't feed your civilization although the niger river made this less devastating. An unknown plague had killed many people in the late 1500s. To prevent some of these things from happening

After the 2012 Tuareg Rebellion, Mali has not recovered from the political unrest. The country has multiple factions fighting for complete power or independence from Mali as a country according to Adolphus Washington of Global Risk Insights. These factions have geographic spheres of influence throughout Northern and Southern Mali which are based on tribal and/or religious origins. Consequently, using Paulette Kurzer’s definition of a state being a country with a supreme power to make and enforce; Mali does not meet these requirements. There are too many local areas whom are being ruled by various factions to say that the national government meets the requirements to be a state. Not only has the Malian government failed on multiple occasions, Mali has required French intervention to enforce the law when the government was incapable. Therefore, the government of Mali is not a supreme power over the divided nation, leaving it unable to create or enforce laws to help the country.

Al-Shabaab as a terrorist group poses a significant threat in Somalia and in the global community. This paper will start by discussing the background. In this part the paper will show how the group has evolved from Al-Ittihad Al-Islam (AIAI) to the Islamic Court Union (ICU) and lastly to Al-Shabaab. Before discussing the group’s threat of national security, homeland and international, this paper will provide the conceptual meaning of key terminology, such as national security, homeland security, international security and globalization. It is important to understand these concepts before moving toward the main argument of the paper. After providing the framework for key concepts, the paper will discuss the group’s threat to Somalia in two areas, national security and homeland security. The paper will go further and identify the threats posed by the group on other nations’ homeland security and international security. We will use East African countries and the United States examples. The paper will provide evidence to support how globalization has shaped and fueled the threats from Al-Shabaab. It will then discuss the primary response from the United States and from African countries through AMISOM. The paper will provide the way forward and suggestions for the response of the international community to Al-Shabaab. In conclusion, we will try to alert the international community that although the group has been experience hard times in Somalia, it is unwise to

This article talks about the ongoing tension between AMISOM (the largest peace support operation), and a violent Islamist group known as Al-Shabaab. Recent attacks in Somalia, has shed light on some of the vulnerabilities facing AMISOM and their allies. Al-Shabaab, once controlled the capitol city and most of south-central Somalia, but most of their fighters were driven out of the capitol and many other towns. Al-Shabaab has claimed responsibility for the recent attacks that killed More than 100 Kenyan soldiers deployed in Somalia. Their main objective is to create a caliphate across eastern Somalia. The AMISOM are not prepared to fight against these rebels because when they do fight back, the rebels flee and take minimal damage. This is due

The constant drumbeat of headlines about Darfur, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Somalia, Liberia as well as the other states in Africa that are beleaguered by political instability have made the causes of failed states and intra-state political conflicts a major issue, both academic and practical. The International Day of Peace which was established by a United Nation resolution in 1982, and is marked every year on September 21, is a global event whose activities are significant in highlighting the worldwide efforts towards conflict resolution and peace building. This day is however more relevant to the continent of Africa where most conflicts have taken place, with

Africa faces many problems which boycott its transition from predominantly the frontier market to the emerging market sector. This essay will discuss the impact that terrorism and militancy have had on African progress, and, outline the successes and failures of the approaches that have been taken to combat this. Terrorism is still without a concrete definition however the UN Security Council uses “Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public” (United Nations, 2015) as way to condemn terrorist acts. For the purpose of this essay we will use regional examples from Nigeria and Somalia to show a variety of situations rather than consider African terrorism as a whole. Additionally we