Drosophila Melanogaster Essay

Leaves: Leaf base are very hairy and has no white waxy surface. Leaves with conspicuous midrib which does not continue into leaf base. It has no secondary veins between midrib and leaf edge. Both leaf surfaces are dark green, it snap readily when tugged. Dead leaf bases with spiral like wood shavings.

Drosophila Melanogaster, commonly known as fruit flies, are highly important model organisms in pertaining to biological research. The logic behind their recurrent use is due to their: easy culture in the laboratory, brief generation time, and ability to produce large numbers of offspring. In this report, we created isolated virgin D. Melanogaster from the original three populations we were given and then created crosses between them. Upon observation, we noticed an unusual mutant that arose from two of the three created crosses. We suspected that this genetic mutation had previously been discovered and named.

The data generated with the Flylab software seemed to confirm the hypothesized mode of inheritance for the phenotype of having the shaven bristles.

It was light and dark strands of hair and two hairs were damaged. The third one was from a cat. We saw five strands of hair, all long dark brown hair. The fourth one was from another human. It had 5 strands of brown hair, two solid black lines inside the hairs and in one hair the black line was broken.

Prud’homme et al. (2011) demonstrated that the wing specific gene nubbin was expressed in a similar pattern in the helmet formation as in wings and arrived at the conclusion that the treehopper helmet was serially homologous to the T1 wing. In addition the authors speculated that the evolution of the helmet is due to a change in an unknown genetic mechanism downstream of Scr (sex combs reduced), which is part of the hox gene family. Thereby suggesting that the evolution of the treehopper helmet is due to genes that were under repression by hox genes. Moczek (2011) speculated that the tree hoppers evolved a wing like structure through re- emergence of a repressed developmental program of the wing. Clark-Hachtel and Tomoyasu (2016) proposed that the treehopper helmet might be partially homologous to the wings based on the fact that the treehopper helmet and the beetle carinated margin of Tribolium beetle both originate from the T1 tergum and it was shown that the reduction of the repression of Scr lead to formation of wings in the beetle. Conversely Yoshizawa (2012), proposes that the lack of evidence for the Scr mechanism in treehoppers might be due to pleiotropy and

The drosophila melanogaster is the model animal of choice due to the fact that they have a short reproduction time. They are sexually active after only two days of emerging from their casing. They then mate and can lay up to hundreds of eggs which take about a week to hatch. This makes them easy test subjects that way different generations can easily be studied. They are inexpensive and require a simple diet of carbohydrates and proteins. They are about 3mm in size, therefore they can easily be seen without a microscope. Drosophila have about 75% of homologues genes of humans this can cause better understanding of mutations that are found. Due to the fact that Drosophila are insects some aspects of the humans can’t be understood. Drosophila melanogaster is the perfect choice for the specific experiment stated because of the many genes that are present and because they have a short life span it is easy to get many offspring in a short amount of time. The genes can easily be deleted or moved throughout the embryo of the melanogaster. The experiment also calls for visual effects and with the model organism used one could clearly examine the effects. Due to the quick reproduction cycle of the drosophila melanogaster if a mistake is made and the experiment has to start over then one would not have to wait a long time before there is new offspring to experiment on. Drosophila have approximately 17,000 genes. Of these genes are the segmentation genes which are used to

The cuticular makes up the outermost layer of hair and consist of overlapping scales. The cuticular comprises of various shapes that are unique among species and are therefore valuable for identification purposes . The cuticle was analysed based on four properties; the position of the scales in relation to the longitudinal axis of the hair, the structure of the scale margin, the distance between scales and the scale pattern.

The Image above shows you how a VRN works, it basically provides a virtual world, in this case it's a building with windows that are labeled and the target windows are marked with X. This allows participants to create a cognitive map of that area. In their trials they used sensor movements in a wheelchair to capture where the individual is moving in the virtual world. This technique is beneficial with the

To obtain some organisms, I took four samples from four different environments and put them on a petri plate. The petri plate was then put in the incubator at 37°C for forty eight hours (Lammert, 2007). Out of four, samples A and D grew nothing and sample B had some growth but not much. As a result I had to choose two unknown organism, that were possibly different, from the third quadrant. This quadrant, which I refer to as sample C, was taken using a wet swab on the border of my right shoe. From a spot where the white border had an orange tint. In that quadrant, specimen Ca. came from a lone circular spot near the rim whereas specimen Cb. came from a fibrous colony near the tip of the quadrant.

The face mites come from the spider family. Scientists believe that anyone can have face mites in their skin. There are two types of face mites, D. brevis and Demodex folliculurum. They have a worm-like shape and short legs. D. brevis are found inside of the sebaceous glands in the skin. Demodex folliculurum are found inside of the hair follicles.

Rounded square occlusal outline. 2- Four cusps, 2 buccal, and 2 lingual 3- Not as wide mesiodistally as 6. 4- Buccal aspect has one groove. 5- Many supplemental groove on the occlusal . surface 6- Two roots which are less broad than 6, and close together, Mandibular second molar

In this experiment, Drosophila will be used as the organism. We take Drosophila eggs cell during mid oogenesis when the Bicoid and Nanos mRNAs are produced but not localized yet. Then insert Colchicine chemical inside the egg cells. Colchicine prevents the formation of microtubules by inhibiting tubulin, which is responsible for making microtubules. As a result, microtubules will not have formed. If microtubules are responsible for the localization of morphogenic factors, then there will be no binding between bicoid mRna to the anterior microtubules and nanos mRna to the posterior microtubules. The position of the bicoid and nanos mRnas will be randomly distributed. The anterior region of the egg will not bicoid mRna and posterior region will

In order to understand what a model organism is, we have to take a look into one of the most widely used organisms in genetics; Caenorhabditis elegans a nematode known for its male and hermaphrodite parts. Also known to be the most useful model organism because it is transparent, small in size and easy to cultivate. For this experiment we will be analyzing genes that regulate biological processes. The main focus will be what geneticists’ call the forward genetic screen, this technique is used to screen mutant animals for a certain phenotype. It was started by a man named Sydney Brenner who began with a certain phenotype and discovered mutants of that phenotype, essentially conducting a forward genetic screen. This technique is used to study genetic pathways that regulate biological functions, allowing scientists to focus on the pathway of the function of neurons, these neurons are what makes signals of muscle movement. This research can lead to better understanding of human genes and how to analyze pathways that are responsible for tissue and organ function. Sydney Brenner was able to identify over 600 mutants, for this lab we have focused on ~9 phenotypes, our given phenotype will be the Protruding vulva (PvL). Figure 1 is the C.elegans life cycle, the understanding of the nematodes lifecycle will allow for better results, knowing the time it takes for these worms to reproduce can provide us with the mutants we are looking for.

11.2) like and brown in colour having ability of camouflage, and is covered by overlapping cycloid scales. *Mouth is located on the ventral side of the head. *Nostrils are present on the ventral side of the snout. *Internal nostrils open into the mouth. *Acutely lobate aired fins without fin rays. *The dorsal, ventral and anal fins fused into a single fin. *Fins are archipterygial type. *Tail is diphycercal. *Lateral line sensory system is well developed. *Large dental plates are firmly fused to the jaw

are G to A nucleotide substitutions. Consequently, these nucleotide substitutions result in three amino acid substitutions; arginine to cysteine, glycine to aspartic acid, and glycine to glutamic acid, respectively . All three mutations occur within the collagen domain changing its ability to oligomerize (the mutant forms). The wild-type is termed allele “A” while the structural variants B, C and D are often gathered and referred to as zero (0) .