Drospirenone: A Case Study

Carl Djerassi was a chemist in Mexico city that created the first pill that synthesized hormones in 1951. In 1957 the FDA approved the pills for women with menstrual disorders but just three years later the pill was released for sexual protection. Some states still made this drug illegal and it went against many people’s morals. In 1997 the pill was expanded to treat acne (A Brief History 1-2). The pill has come a long way and is still continuing to form in this evolving society. Less than seventy years ago we didn’t even have an oral option for birth control. Today we are fighting over whether the pill can be available over the counter or not.

Hyperandrogenism often presents itself in the physical form with acne, hirsutism (male-patterned hair growth), and alopecia. While insulin resistance is typically present in a patient with a higher BMI, 70% of women with PCOS have this condition, putting them at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (Goodarzi et al., 2011). Other metabolic complications can occur with PCOS, including hypertension and dyslipidemia (Madnani, 2013). The hormonal secretions of the body’s endocrine glands are affected by the hormonal secretions of the ovaries and vice versa via feedback mechanisms. The disruption of normal hormone secretions, particularly hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), can reduce the chance of conception and increase the risk of miscarriage (Balen,

• the dose to give and how often it may be repeated before referring to the resident’s doctor

The model for male birth control has been based on previous female birth control models.“A study in Indonesia that employed both Depo-Provera, a progestin used as a contraceptive in women, and one form of testosterone resulted in a zero sperm count”(Alexander).The common long-term female birth control, Depo-Provera, it's now being used in trials as a form of male contraceptive. Depo-Provera is a combination of synthetic female hormones to create medroxyprogesterone acetate, or simulate progestin. This tried-and-true method along with an injection of testosterone leads to males resulting in zero sperm count. After 2 month of injections, progestin stops the production of sperm (Hutson). The Progesterone is a female synthetic steroid that is used to thicken the mucus in the uterus not allowing the sperm to travel to the egg. In men the effect, combined with testosterone, stops the productions of sperm. Side effects to this method are mood swings, depression, and mild pain at injection site. The hormones in the injections, override the current hormones that are producing sperm, and overload the system decreases then eventually stop the production of sperm. The effective rate is 98 percent, comparable to the Female version of contraceptives (Hudston).The rate of female birth control effectiveness is 99%. It is easier in the human physiology to keep one

First, the medical assistant should convert the doctor’s prescription into layman’s terms for Doris. Medication A is two teaspoons by mouth every four hours. Medication B is 2.5 milliliters by mouth three times daily (Fulcher, Fulcher, & Soto, 2012, p. 1b). Doris should be cautious of confusing her medication dosages as that could lead to possible overdose. If Doris is afraid of mixing her medications, the medical assistant should convert to the unit that Doris is more comfortable with. For example, if Doris prefers milliliters, she should take around 9.8 milliliters of medication A. Alternatively, medication B could be taken at .5 teaspoons (Fulcher, Fulcher, & Soto, 2012, p. 131). Patients taking multiple medications should have a medication

In vitro: RD162 was optimized from a screen for nonsteroidal antiandrogens retaining activity in the setting of increased androgen receptor expression. RD162 could bind to the androgen receptor with greater relative affinity than the clinically used bicalutamide, reduce the efficiency of the nuclear translocation, and impair both DNA binding to androgen response elements and recruitment of coactivators [1].

Recommended blood tests include CBC, creatinine, BUN, electrolytes (including Mg and Ca), glucose, albumin, and liver function tests. Thyroid function tests are recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation and for selected, especially elderly, patients. Blood test, serum NP/BNP levels are high in HF; this finding may help when clinical findings are unclear or other diagnoses (eg, COPD) need to be excluded.

For older adults, nurses should recognize that dosage of these drugs may need to be decrease due to their toxic effects. Baseline renal and liver function tests should be done

2015). So many strategical methods can be applied to achieve a safety use of the off label medications, such as collaboration of the regulatory agencies, the provider/prescribers and the pharmaceutical companies in determining a common and safe guideline. Also, using the patient’s height and weight to calculate appropriate dosage needed. In addition, a small starting dose should be prescribed and increased dosage gradually as tolerated as long as the liver and kidney functions are within normal range. Finally, parents should be instructed to stop the medication and report to the health care provider once an adverse reactions are

EP seems concerned about the hormonal therapy (HT) due to risks involved with HT such as strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer. However, the provider should educate her on the benefits of HT, since it is considered the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. Benefits of HT include easing of hot flashes, night sweats and vaginal dryness. HT can be prescribed as a short-term treatment with a low-dose of estrogen therapy (ET) such as an oral Ethinyl estradiol 0.025 mg daily, if she has undergone hysterectomy. If EP still have her uterus, estrogen/progestogen therapy (EPT) is recommended and she can take Prempro, combined therapy containing 0.625mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) + 2.5mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily. The doses can be adjusted according to the symptoms after one month of therapy (Elder & Thacker,

It is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, ovaries and testes. It's a hormone that's usually transformed to testosterone and estradiol in both men and women. Androstendione is available legally only if prescribed, and is a controlled material. Manufacturers and bodybuilding magazines advertise its ability to permit athletes to train harder and recover more quickly. Though, its use as a performance-enhancing drug is illegal in the United States. Scientific studies that disprove these claims show that additional androstenedione don’t raise testosterone and that your muscles don't get stronger with use. Actually, nearly all of the androstendione is quickly transformed to estrogen, the main hormone in females. Side effects of androstendione in men contain, acne, diminished sperm production, shrinking of the testicles, and expansion of the breasts. In women, side effects contain acne, masculinization, for instance, deepening of the voice and male-pattern baldness. In both men and women, androstendione can decline HDL cholesterol, which puts you at bigger risk of heart attack and stroke. In conclusion, if you use androstenedione incorrectly you will have serious health

In 1960, an invention revolutionized female sexuality and paved the way for the women’s liberation movement. It was the birth-control pill, or simply “the pill” as it became popularly known. For four decades, the pill has put women primarily in the contraceptive driver’s seat. But an increasing number of people — both men and women — want men to take a more active role in contraception use. Their wish may be granted in the foreseeable future, as research companies grow closer to revealing the first continuous, reversible male contraceptive pill. Researchers at Edinburgh University’s Centre for Reproductive Biology have finally found a way to suppress daily sperm production while maintaining normal testosterone levels. This was not an easy task given that men emit millions of sperm in each, while women only produce one egg per month. The pill has proven to be 100% effective in preliminary clinical trials and is completely reversible. The pill contains desogestrel, a synthetic hormone that is the main component in the female pill, as well as the male hormone testosterone. This combination blocks the production of

Deca Durabolin steroid is unique in that 5a -reductase, the enzyme which converts testosterone to the more-potent DHT, actually converts nandrolone to a less-potent compound. Therefore Deca Durabolin is somewhat deactivated in the skin, scalp, and prostate, and these tissues experience an effectively-lower androgen level than the rest of the body. Therefore, for the same amount of activity as another drug at the androgen receptors (ARs) in muscle tissue, Deca Durabolin (steroids) gives less activity in the scalp, skin, and prostate. Thus, it is the best choice for those particularly concerned with these things.Its effectiveness at the androgen receptor of muscle tissue is superior to that of testosterone:

Spironolactone is a nonselective aldosterone receptor antagonist marketed since the 1960s and bears structural similarity to progesterone resulting in sex steroid receptor cross reactivity. This is responsible for anti-androgen and anti-progesterone adverse effects seen in treated individuals. Canrenone, marketed as principle active metabolite of spironolactone, is devoid of significant first pass metabolism and has a substantially longer t ½ as compared to the parent molecule (16.5 hours vs 1.4 hours). It has also been reported to have a lower incidence of antiandrogenic adverse reactions despite being a non-selective MRA. Eplerenone, a spironolactone derivative, in contrast is a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist with lower affinity for the progesterone and androgen receptors and consequently is devoid of related adverse effects. Eplerenone is primarily metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4 isoenzyme) and is therefore subject to interactions with CYP3A4 inhibitors as well as inducers. It has a plasma half-life of 4-6 hours, and steady state levels are usually achieved 48 hours after treatment initiation.

2000mg/day. If doses >2000mg/day are required, give in 3 divided doses (not to exceed 2500mg/day)