Drug Elimination And Exponential Relationships

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Encyclopaedia Britannica also states that it is “proved to be a versatile technique of dating fossils and archaeological specimens from 500 to 50,000 years old” (1998). This method of age determination is dependent upon the decay of nitrogen and radiocarbon (Carbon-14) (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011). Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011) and all living things exchange the gas carbon-14 with the atmosphere surrounding them. The amount of carbon-14 exchanged into the living organism is perfectly balanced with its surroundings, but when an organism dies, they stop taking in the gas and that equilibrium is damaged. Because Carbon-14 slowly decays at a known rate called its “half-life” in a dead organism, scientists can figure out how long ago it had stopped exchanging carbon with its atmosphere. Thus, its age can be determined by measuring the amount of Carbon-14 in a sample (Hirst, 2017; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2017; Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology, n.d.; Earthsky, 2017; Cram, 1993). With the utilisation of Radiocarbon Dating, scientists have been able to discover that Lindow

We have developed a lot of new technology to all us to do fairly accurate carbon dating; that alone has changed previously established theories. There is so much about our planet that we do not know or completely understand, and part of it is we do not have the ability to process the evidence we have correctly, or the evidence that was there, no longer exists because it has decomposed, or broken down into the the dirt and the soil.

One of the most commonly known fossil dating methods is carbon 14 dating. Carbon 14 dating is measures the radioactive decay of carbon. Carbon has a half life of 5,568 years, so this can be a very effective depending on the literal age of the object, for example dating organisms like the neanderthal man and ice age animals). Carbon dating is only reliable when going up to 60,000 years ago not back multiple million years ago. This is how dating fossils is an inaccurate and does not support the modern theory of evolution.

What is radiocarbon dating? “Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (14C), a radioactive isotope of carbon.” (Wikipedia) Scientists have determined the Age of the Earth to be four point five hundred and forty-three billion years old. But, Red platelets and hemoglobin have been found in a few unfossilized dinosaur bone. Be that as it may, these couldn't last more than a couple of thousand years—surely not the 65 million years from when evolutionists think the last dinosaur lived. Helium is filling the climate from radioactive rot, however very little is getting away. In any case, the aggregate sum in the environment is just 1/2000 of that normal if the air were truly billions of years old. This helium initially got away from rocks. This happens entirely quickly, yet so much helium is still in some stones that it couldn't have had sufficient energy to get away. Of course nothing can be proven for sure and many creation scientists know this. But many of the modern dating methods depend on unprovable

Cancer unlike other illnesses is very unique in the fact we have to accept a certain level of toxicity well above that of any other group of pharmacologic agents. It is the toxicity of these agents which is the single most important factor preventing their use in doses that could often be curative. Ultimately the utility of most chemotherapy drugs depends on their therapeutic-to-toxic ratio, comparing the good and bad effects (Alwood et al, 1997). Other variables include the severity, predictability and reversibility of side effects. Although we are learning a lot more about the predictive side effects of many individual cancer drugs, most cancer patients require multi-drug therapies. Cancer patients often have chemotherapy regimens consisting of three or four different compounds along with other supportive therapy.

Radiometric dating is still being used today. Modern uranium-lead radioactive dating of meteorites and earth materials gives us today's estimate that the earth is about 4.5 billion years

According to Brad Peroney (2014), Carbon dating compares the amount of radioactive carbon to ordinary carbon in old objects to figure out how long ago something, or someone lived (Peroney, 2014). Carbon dating also called as radioactive carbon or carbon-14 dating is a method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon-dating, 2015).Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the

estimate of the true calendar age. The process of converting a radiocarbon age to a

Stable isotopes such as carbon-13 and carbon-12 do not decay like carbon-14. During photosynthesis carbon-12 is more easily absorbed by plants due to it being lighter then carbon-13, as it’s heavier. Therefore when there is a particularly high photosynthesis rate more carbon-12 is absorbed by organisms and thereafter preserved in the sedimentary rock. The atmosphere and ocean have more carbon-13 than carbon-12 as it’s more readily absorbed at this time. Carbon-13 created carbonate skeletons in the ocean, phytoplankton have calcium carbonate

The key principle behind radiocarbon-14 dating is plants and animals exchange carbon with their surroundings and thus contain the same ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 once an organism dies it no longer exchanges carbon with its surroundings. The carbon-14 will slowly decay at a known rate decreasing the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14. Since the decay rate and original ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 is known we can determine how old a sample is by the amount of carbon-14 remaining. There are two ways to measure the carbon-12 to carbon-14 ratio. The first being beta counting. Beta counting was the first method used to measure carbon-14 levels in a sample. Two different type of beta counting were primarily used. The first of those being liquid

The process of radiometric dating and radiocarbon dating consist of examining how much of the radioactive or carbon has decayed since the creation of rocks. While radiometric dating is assumed to be accurate to +/- 2,500 years and is just a small span of time for those believing in old

Fluorine dating is a method is centered on the principle that the element fluorine from the soil is absorbed by fossil bones. The elements fluorine is buried in the soil and therefore the lengthier they are buried, the bones will have more fluorine. However, this method requires several samples taken from an immediate location.

Half life is a term used to determine how long it will take for a drug to be eliminated from the body (Preston, O’Neal & Talaga, 2017).  However the term steady states is used when the medication reaches at period where the amount still in the body is the same as being removed (Preston et al., 2017). The steady state typically is reached after four half-lives once it has been given (Preston et al., 2017). Therefore a drug that has a half life of six hours it would roughly take 24 hours to be eliminated once it was taken. This is determined by the example given in the text, Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapist (Preston, et al., 2017). “If half-life is twenty-four hours, then the steady state is usually reached in four days”

In determining the age of our world many geologist have set out to find the details that remain consistent throughout the world. What has been found is that you can closely determine the age of the world based upon the layers that have been formed throughout the varying periods of time. The article “The Grand Age of Rocks” walks us through the two main areas of dating I.e. “Relative Dating” and “Absolute Dating”. These two differences are important to understand as we seek to identify just how long the earth has been around.