Drug Therapy For High Blood Pressure

The main objective of the study was to understand the general influence to people diagnosed with high blood pressure not being able to seek help from a healthcare provider due to costs. This paper analyzes findings from five different groups of audiences, belonging to diverse cultures and further the relationship between income and hypertension. The results showed that low­ income individuals were susceptible to issues of high blood pressure with focus on the effects of prescription to the general health. Additionally, the study looked at the demographic factor –education and sex to the patient’s ability to control their hypertension.

Modern medical advancements have significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious disease as well as the treatment of acute, traumatic conditions. Pharmacological research has also gained insight into the management of chronic disease. Still, there is an epidemic of chronic, treatable diseases like stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease. Hypertension proves to be the underlying factor associated with these diseases. Hypertension is often referred to as the silent killer because of its indication in deadly disease, and the importance of monitoring ones blood pressure is vital. Lifestyle, diet, and genetic predisposition are all factors of high blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure above safe levels, known as hypertension, puts elevated physical stress on the renal and cardiovascular systems. By controlling this factor in patients, healthcare providers can decrease cardiovascular events, improve health outcomes, and decrease overall mortality. Patient education is often overlooked in its role in the control and prevention of high blood pressure. This paper analyzes the causes and physiology behind high blood pressure as they relate to the current nursing interventions. The role of nurses is discussed in relation to patient education regarding high blood pressure, and educational approaches are analyzed.

The concern on whether anti-hypertensive’s should be withheld in patients who are hypertensive has been debatable in the recent past. Generally, the treatment of hypertension among hospitalized patients is basically an opportunity to enhance the recognition and treatment of blood pressure (Axon, Nietert & Egan, 2011, p.246). This is mainly because hypertension is a basic risk factor for heart diseases, stroke, and death whose impact is widespread to nearly 70 million adults in America. There have been numerous educational initiatives and publication of treatment processes to address this condition in the past few decades. Despite these measures, nearly 39 million Americans are at risk of hypertension because they have not reached their desired or optimal blood pressure.

Alpha-blockers or alpha-adrenergic antagonist drugs help to decrease blood pressure and dilate blood vessels, allowing for blood to move more freely.Alpha-blockers accomplish this by either limiting or inhibiting the affects of norepinephrine, a stimulant hormone of the sympathetic nervous system. The term norepinephrine or noradrenaline works to constrict the muscles that line the interior of small veins and arteries in the body (Mayo Clinic, 2014). There are two types of alpha-receptors that are affected by norepinephrine, alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors.Alpha-1 receptors are found throughout the body in: male reproductive organs, eyes, bladder, prostatic capsule, and more importantly blood vessels.Alpha-2 receptors exist in presynaptic nerve terminals. By blocking noradrenaline affects on alpha-1 receptors coronary arteries and veins will remain open, allowing for increased blood flow and in turn lowering blood pressure (Aschenbrenner & Venable, 2012).

Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker which can be used alone or in conjunction with other medications for treatment of angina and hypertension. It decreases the contractility of the arterial smooth muscle as well as the subsequent vasoconstriction through inhibition of calcium ions influx through the L-type calcium channels. As a result, the coronary and systemic arteries become dilated and the delivery of oxygen to the myocardial tissue is increased. Furthermore, the total peripheral resistance is decreased as well as the systemic blood pressure and afterload.

High blood pressure is a condition that has become all too common in the medical field. Over 30% of Americans have been diagnosed with this condition. Hundreds of different medications are available for the treatment of HTN. Each medication falls into a particular class that acts to decrease the blood pressure in different ways.

Hypertension is one of the leading risks for heart disease and stroke. Your physician may advise dietary or lifestyle changes, or specific medications to lower your blood pressure.

The precise mechanisms by which Amlodipine relieves angina have not been fully defined, but are thought to include:

Methylene blue which is an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, may be a safer option for suppressing the action of nitric oxide without major side effects. Methylene blue reverse vasodilation and myocardial dysfunction and increased mesenteric blood flow (Hollenberg et al., 1999).

A study emphasises that nurses play a vital role in monitoring patient health status, that includes, taking baseline vital signs before and after drug administration (Betts, 2016). A study supports the view that prior to administration of anti-hypertensive drugs, patient’s sys-tolic pressure should be no below than 90mmhg and pulse rate of 60 beats per minute to pre-vent further reduction of blood pressure (Hadi et al., 2017). Liberato, Rodrigues and Mal-lory (2016) mention that patients using cardiovascular drugs as maintenance medications should be closely monitored to prevent sudden drop of blood pressure. Additionally, RNs must conduct systematic and comprehensive assessments to obtain baseline data to compare and document for significant

In order to understand NO’s neurobiological roles, some of NO’s biochemistry and physiology must be discussed. NO’s radical structure, fleeting half-life, and rapid diffusibility make it an ideal neurotransmitter, albeit an unconventional one. In the peripheral vascular blood supply, acetylcholine or bradykinin act on endothelial cells in the vessels which causes a release of endothelium-derived relaxation factor (EDRF) which has been verified to be NO (Snyder;1992). Acetylcholine or bradykinin causes an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration through the action of inositol triphosphate; the increased intracellular Ca+ binds the calmodulin site in NOS and stimulates the synthesis of NO which rapidly diffuses away from its site of synthesis to the tunica muscularis of blood vessels causing vasodilation (Murray;1993). In this manner, NO is a sort of second neurotransmitter potentiating the effects of acetylcholine or bradykinin on the muscular layer of blood vessels. In this system, NOS is located in the endothelial cells; however, in the cerebral arteries, NOS is located in the nerve plexus themselves in the outer layer of cerebral arteries, and the cell bodies of these neurons lie in the sphenopalatine

Hypertension is a major medical problem in America with high morbidity and mortality. According to Center for Disease Control statistics released on 2015, it is estimated that about 70 million American adults have high blood pressure, with a ratio of 1 out of every 3 adults in America living with hypertension (CDC, 2015). In 2012, CDC conducted a statistical analysis of data collected by National Health and

In the future, high blood pressure is predicted to increase about 60% by 2025 to reach a total of 1.56 billion. This increase expected to contribute of 9% and 13% in both men and

age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of approximately 28% in North America. Physicians in clinical practice will encounter patients with hypertensive urgency and emergency. The improved management of chronic hypertension has decreased the lifetime incidence of hypertensive crisis to less than 1%. Although there has been improved management of chronic hypertension, patients presenting with severe hypertension represent up to 25% of all patients presenting to urban emergency departments.

Approximately one in every three adult’s ages 20 years old and older are diagnosed with high blood pressure or hypertension. Hypertension affects 78 million people in the United States and is equally prevalent in both men and woman (Crabtree et al., 2013). Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Hajjar & Kotchen, 2003). It can lead to stroke, myocardial infarction, renal failure, heart failure, neurological issues, and death if not detected early and not treated properly (James, Oparil, Carter, & et al., 2014). Approximately 9.4 million deaths in 2010 were attributed to high blood pressure (Angell, De Cock, & Frieden, 2015). About 54% of strokes, 47% of coronary heart disease, and 25 % of other cardiovascular diseases are attributed to high blood pressure (Arima, Barzi, & Chalmers, 2011).