Dual Organisms

One type of succession that can form an ecosystem is a lithosere. A lithosere is a plant succession that begins life on a newly exposed rock surface, such as one left bare as a result of glacial retreat, tectonic uplift as in the formation of a raised beach, or volcanic eruption. The lithosere succession is initiated by pioneer plants, such as blue and green algae with colonise the sock as there are into a lot of nutrients available and they have no root systems, so they can survive in the hostile conditions. The succession then progresses due to the pioneer plants dissolving the rock, resulting in a release of nutrients. This then means that mosses, lichens and liverworts are able to thrive on that ground as the moss can absorb nutrients from rain water and they provide their own energy from photosynthesis. These plants chemically decay the rock by releasing acids, and physically decay the rock as a result of their root systems, leading

Charlene Forest is an associate professor in the Biology department at Brooklyn College, who dedicates her research in to trying to understand the mechanism behind the process of fertilization in algae, as well as what controls expression of gamete-specific genes. To do so, she must understand how sperm and egg gametes first recognize and then fuse with each other. Thus, in order to find what causes the fusion of these gametes, Forest’s lab is cloning genes that prevent the fusion of sperm and egg gametes. She hopes that her research on the fertilization process in algae will help understand the fertilization process in other organisms, particularly humans.

Smog is highly prevalent in the most contaminated area embodying sulfur dioxide pollutants - Pekin, IL. With this, the DangerInTheAir studies fully demonstrate defected areas emitting heavy sulfur dioxide pollutants as definite factors to prolonging asthma related health issues.

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Ceratopteris richardii, known as a C-fern has a lifecycle referred to as alteration of generations, which consist of neither haploid nor diploid dominant. C-ferns are homospours plants which are important in that they can produce hermaphrioditic gametophytes in order to be able to self fertilize. However, some of the homospourous C-ferns only produce male gametophytes .The life cycle of Ceratopteris richardii starts as a diploid sporophyte which then, by meiosis, produces haploid spores. These spores then undergo mitosis to produce a haploid gametophyte, which can be either hermaphrodite( producing eggs and

The reproduction of fungi can be either sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction, as with other organisms, involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores that can grow into new organisms. Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation, cell division, or budding. The simplest process is direct fragmentation, or breaking up, of the fungus body, the thallus. Each of the

milkweed within its body and by eating the leaf in a circle it stops the thick liquid inside from coming out and overwhelming it.

The octopus skin horn is another mushroom type fungus found in many parts of the world. These plants start out as an egg and quickly evolve into this monster of a plant. And what’s unique about this plant is that can unfold its arms and reach out as if it was an octopus (hence the name). As the arms unfold, the plant reveals the interior which contains the glena which is just some tissues. [] What’s also interesting about this plant is that it takes on this pinkish appearance as if it were a dying plant in order to attract flys and capture them.

The common photobiont genus is Trebouxia (Parmotrema, n.d.), which is a commonly referred to as green algae (Trebouxia, n.d.). This means that the photobiont of Parmotrema dilatatum is a uni-celled species of green algae. The mycobiont, or the fungal partner within the lichen, of P. dilatatum is unknown. The photobiont of lichen is essential because without it the mycobiont would not be able to use any of the photosynthetic produced food. But, the mycobiont of P. dilatatum is just as important because it provides protection and an anchor to the photobiont. This is a symbiotic relationship, or where both the photobiont and mycobiont benefit from living and interacting with each

Question: How does the increase in air pollution near roads influence the abundance of lichen species such as Lepraria incana on shrub species?

In parasitism, the parasite benefits, but the host is harmed. Symbiosis is the close interaction between organisms of different species for an extended time. Symbiotic relationships differ on the effects of the “other” species while one benefits. The three major symbiotic relationships are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. In commensalism, the species benefits and the other remains unaffected. One example are barnacles hitching a ride on the skin of a whale. In parasitism, the parasite benefits and the host is harmed. The parasite lives on or in the host and benefits by feeding on it. An example of this are tapeworms that live inside the intestines of organisms. The organism is harmed, since they are not getting the nutrients from the food that they are eating, but the tapeworm benefits, as it is getting the food and nutrients it needs to survive. Tapeworm larvae can also migrate throughout the body, therefore harming other organs and tissues as well. In mutualism, both species benefit. One example are lichens, which are formed by fungi and algae living together. The algae undergo photosynthesis, which provides food, and the fungi provides

Asexual reproduction is one parent reproducing an offspring that are genetically alike. The purpose of asexual reproduction is so that the reproductive process can go faster without any mistakes. Sexual reproduction is a combination of genetics from the patents to reproduce an offspring. The purpose of sexual reproduction is so that evolution can take place from the organism. The animal focus today is the desert grassland whiptail. The whiptail tail uses asexual reproduction. This whiptail uses the more beneficial reproduction because fertilization is not needed, so only one parent is involved. Also, their is a high chance that the offspring would be created successfully.

Principles of Biology I: Symbiosis; The pearson custom library for the biological sciences. (2010). New York: Pearson Learning Solution

Another member of the padina family, the P. pavonica, has an interesting way of reproducing, and I assume that most of the padina also propagate the same way. The P. pavonica can reproduce two ways: one way to do so is by producing diploid spores that develop into new algae. Another way to do so is by way of sexual reproducing – producing haploid gametes. This method, however, is quite rare and the algae usually reproduce by way of diploid spores. Some time after the new alga begins to form, it attaches to the rock, shell, or bed. Although it may seem as if the algae are all connected together, in reality, they are all individual algae tightly packed together.

Sordaria fimicola is a commonly studied species of fungi from the phylum of Ascomycota, commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. Sordaria is more specifically studied in many mycology labs to gain a greater understanding of the exceptional formation of as many as 8 haploid ascospores. Normally Sordaria and other fungi exists as a haploid organism, but occasionally when the mycelium from two individuals meet, a diploid zygote is formed. The diploid cell is formed by the fusion of the haploid wildtype and one of the haploid mutant strain. After DNA replication, we are left with two sister chromatids connected with a centromere. During meiosis a process called synapsis occurs. Synapsis allows matching-up of two homologous pairs of chromosomes prior to their segregation, and possible genetic recombination amongst them by breaking and then reconnecting to the other chromosome thus allowing for crossing over to occur. The further away a gene is from the centromere, the more frequently the crossing over can occur. Both meiosis I and meiosis II generates four haploid products, and after one further round of mitosis, eight products are formed and all retained as haploid together forming a reproductive structure called a perithecium.