Ductus Arteriosus

The cardiovascular disease defines conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels. Thrombosis, which emanates from blood clots, reduced blood flow to the heart, brain and the rest of the body. When fatty acids deposit in the artery, it hardens and narrows. These issues lead to stroke, coronary heart disease, aortic disease and peripheral arterial disease. Coronary heart disease occurs due to a reduced or blocked flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is a result of accumulated fats in the coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are a set of blood vessels that take blood to the heart. When they become narrow, the heart gets less of a supply of blood and oxygen causing chest pains, called angina or a heart attack, explains VanMeter &

Anne is currently taking paracetamol for the pain in her wrist, within healthcare analgesia should always be monitored to assess whether it is achieving elimination of pain and should be adapted to the individual patient (Vargas-Schaffer, 2010). If paracetamol were not effective in eliminating Anne’s pain then practitioners should consider a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication [NSAIDS] or a mild opioid medication such as codeine as the next step (Vargas-Schaffer, 2010). However as Anne is asthmatic NSAID medication should be used with caution due to the risk of increased frequency of asthma attacks and breathlessness (Joint Formulary Committee, 2015); if Anne has taken NSAIDS before with no issue then this would be the next choice of analgesia followed by codeine if combined paracetamol and NSAID did not prove effective (Vargas-Schaffer,

There is a huge need for alternative ways to provide comfort for patients that have adverse

In order to complete this exercise, two different procedures were conducted; one measured the basal heart rate, and the other measured the drug-induced heart rate. A sample 's basal heart rate can be defined as the “resting” heart rate. This is when no drugs or altering substances are applied. In comparison, the drug-induced heart rate of a sample can be defined as the heart rate after the drug was administered to the surrounding environment. The four drugs tested on the Daphnia specimens were Acetylcholine, Caffeine,

Premature birth has been linked to a vast array of lungs problems, the earlier the birth the greater risk of health complications(Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). A majority of the health problems will affect the infant for the rest of their life (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Infants born between the canalicular and the saccular period (week 25) have lung development that is unsuitable for gas exchange (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Two major complications that arise with undeveloped lungs is bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Mahgoub L. et al. 2017).

The blood that does not cross the foramen ovale into the left atrium is emptied into the right ventricle which is then pumped into the pulmonary artery to be carried to the lungs. The third fetal shunt is encountered; the ductus arteriosus allows blood to be shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta and systemic arteries following. Blood that does go to the lungs are returned by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and emptied into the left ventricle. (Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, Ch2 p 17-18) Shortly after birth due to changes in vascular resistance blood is redirected to the lungs for oxygenation and these shunts are no longer required leading to their closure within a few days postpartum. In HLHS, because the left heart structures are insufficient to receive and pump adequate amounts of oxygenated blood to supply the tissues the patency of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are essential to sustaining life. (PubMed – ADAM Medical Encyclopedia, 2013) Medical intervention is needed to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus and an atrial septal defect is created in place of the foramen ovale.

Trauma patients often present paramedics with difficult situations to handle. These patients most likely have multiple injuries that the paramedic must treat including internal and external injuries. The main concern in treating trauma patients is controlling the pain that the patient may be experiencing while not compromising the patients hemodynamic and respiratory state. The most common drugs used in pain management in the pre-hospital setting often cause undesirable side effects, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, apnea, and bradycardia. All of these side effects combined with a trauma patient who is already compromised can lead to a much bigger issue. What if there was a drug that could treat the pain, calm the patient, and not cause the nasty side effects of traditional pain management? Ketamine provides us the answer to this question.

MEDICATIONS: Any use of diuretics, pain medications, antiarrhythmic agents, anti-seizure drugs, sedatives, antibiotics, antihistamines, barbiturates, cephalosporins, salicylates, and sulfonamides?(Ross & Basello, 2003)

(2000), where high (50 μg/mL) and low (5 μg/mL) concentrations of remifentanil were added to 10 mg/mL propofol. The point at which remifentanil or propofol stability was deemed unsuitable was when 90% of its original concentration remained (Stewart et al. 2000). It was found that the high remifentanil concentration remained stable for longer, and that the mixture had greater stability when stored in the syringes. A recent study conducted by the authors observed the effect of mixing a range of remifentanil concentrations (10 – 50 μg/mL) in a stable 10 mg/mL of propofol in glass over 24 hours, as well as the effect of reconstituting remifentanil in a 0.9% saline solution in order to decrease pH. The results of this investigation found that a remifentanil concentration of 2 μg/mL in 10 mg/mL of propofol was the most stable, and that reconstituting remifentanil with 0.9% saline solution did have a significant positive effect on the degradation of

Researchers believe that several environmental and genetic factors work together and play a role in the development of Sirenomelia. The most popular medical theory suggests that Sirenomelia could be caused by abnormalities in the blood circulating system within the embryo at an early stage of development. Some affected individuals have been found to have a single large artery followed by the absence of the usual two arteries that branch out to lower areas and carry blood to the tail end of the embryo. The single artery that is present, which is referred to as a “steal” vessel due to the fact that it essentially steals blood and nutrients from the lower part of the body, diverts the flow of blood that normally circulates from the aorta to the lower portion of the embryo back up to the placenta instead so the blood and nutrients that are needed never end up reaching the tail end of the embryo. Due to the malnutrition from this lack of blood flow, the fetus fails to develop two separate limbs. (National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2018) There is still much to learn about what causes Sirenomelia since there is so little known about it currently. When experimenting with

Coarctation of the aorta(COA) is a common congenital heart defect that is found in 6-8% of infants with congenital heart disease,and is more common in males than females. Risk factors associated with COA includes presence of heart defects including patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or abnormalities of the mitral, bicuspid, or aortic valves and the Turner syndrome in females.

A vascular access is a haemodialysis patient’s lifeline. The purpose of vascular access is to provide reliable sites where the bloodstream can be easily accessed each time during the dialysis. The necessity for vascular access can be temporary or permanent.

Choice “D” is the best answer. MEN 2A and 2B patients are at risk of developing pheochromocytomas. Preoperative and intraoperative medical therapy is of critical importance in the management of patients with pheochromocytoma. Preoperative preparation requires combined alpha and beta blockade to control blood pressure and to prevent an intraoperative hypertensive crisis. Alpha-adrenergic blockade, in particular, is required to control blood pressure and prevent a hypertensive crisis. High circulating catecholamine levels stimulate alpha-receptors on blood vessels and cause vasoconstriction. Beta-blockers are used ONLY if significant tachycardia occurs AFTER alpha blockade. Beta-blockers are not administered until adequate alpha blockade has been established, however, because unopposed alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation can precipitate a hypertensive crisis. Non-cardio-selective beta-blockers, such as propranolol or nadolol, are the usual choice; however, cardio-selective agents, such as atenolol and metoprolol, also may be used. During surgery, intravenous phentolamine, a rapid-acting alpha-adrenergic antagonist, is used to control blood pressure. Rapid-acting intravenous beta-blockers, such as esmolol, are also used to normalize blood pressure[1].

The placenta is a major source of fetal prostaglandins and its removal after birth allows for the lungs to expand and become metabolically active, where most prostaglandins are degraded. This, in combination with increased pulmonary oxygen tension, in healthy full-term infants, normally causes functional closure of the ductus arteriosus within 15 hours after birth.

Preterm infants are born during the late cannalicular to early saccular stages of lung development, which corresponds to the period when respiratory bronchioles capable for gas exchange and type II alveolar