Duloxetine Research Paper

Cymbalta (Duloxetine) is a Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) use to treat depression (Breggin, 2013). There are several therapeutic and biological alternatives being implemented to control hopelessness. Many researcher are recommending other types of treatments before psychotropic therapy is implemented (O 'Mathuna & Larimore, 2010). Some of the therapeutic alternatives are Reflexology, Craniosacral Therapy (CST), Acupuncture, Exercise, Meditation and Direct Amino Acid Therapy Maintenance (Keegan, 2001). St John’s Wort, Passionflower, Valerian and Omega 3 fatty acids are a few of the biological options available to combat depression (Keegan, 2001). The dietary supplements tryptophan and

It all determines if the NPD patient has an Axis I diagnosis of major depression or any depressive symptoms relative to egotistic pathology that will influence the lengthen the course of treatment. Different types of SSRI’s are Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Luvox CR, and many others. Celexa, or Citalopram, can enhance the serotonin activity in the neuronal membrane. Lexapro, or Escitalopram, is used to treat depression in NPD patients and relief of depression can occur faster with this antidepressant better than any other antidepressant. Prozac, or Fluoxetine, inhibits presynaptic serotonin with little to no effect on the reuptake of norepinephrine or dopamine. Luvox CR, or Fluvoxamine, has fewer adverse effects than tricyclic antidepressants (Ambardar,

In 1995, Depakote was approved by the FDA for the treatment of bipolar disorder and is slowing becoming the most widely prescribed drug for the use on mania. Depakote hasn't totally replaced lithium; however, it is being used on patients that were not previously treatable with lithium. Compared with lithium, Depakote doesn't have all the bad side effects when properly administered. Patients taking Depakote find their thinking is clearer and don't seems to have the kidney and thyroid problems (Burns 104-106). The antipsychotic drug Clozaril also has been used to stabilize the moods of bipolar disorders, especially those that have not responded to lithium and the anticonvulsants. One major side effect of Clozaril is that is suppresses the production of white blood cells on about 1% of patients (Harvard Mental Health Letter, June 1997). Because of this side effect, doctors have to be extremely careful when prescribing.

It was found that subjects on duloxetine showed significant improvements in I-QOL scores and significant decrease in IEF compared with the placebo subjects. It was also noted that 87% of patients on the placebo completed the study compared to the 69% of subjects on duloxetine. This difference can be attributed to a higher rate of duloxetine discontinuation due to side effects. Nausea was the most common side effect reported in 91% of participants, however, 81% reported resolution within 1 month. Serious adverse effects were rare and not significantly more common in the duloxetine

Depression used to be diagnosed as melancholia..Between 1938 and 1955.Several reports showed that the commonness of depression in the general population was below 1%. “In the mid-1990s,the lifetime risk for depression was estimated as 3% to 4% worldwide.”(2) To control depression,the use of antidepressioants has grown rapidly since the late 1950s.By the late 1990s nearly 1.77 million people were taking one or even mulitiple antidepressioants for depression or diesases assumedly on the depressive spectrum.It has been suggested that in spite of the large uses of antidepressioants have been undertreated.

Ryann, Russell, and Raskin (2008) examined the effectiveness of Duloxetine “a selective serotonin (5-HT) and norephedrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) of both serotonin and norepinephrine systems” (p. 183). A total of 327 adults (61.7% women) with a mean age of 41.6 were randomly assigned to either receiving 60 – 120 mg duloxetine (168) or placebo (159). A 30 mg reduction was permitted in first two weeks for

three groups.Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medicines block the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) from destroying monoamine neurotransmitters, which allows them to accumulate, alleviating depression. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications block the serotonin reuptake pump, allowing the serotonin neurotransmitter to remain and accumulate in the receptor for longer. Speaking of serotonin specifically, depression has been related to a deficiency of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) neurotransmitter as evidenced by the concentrations of the

SNRI that approved to treat depression includes desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, and venlafaxine. Among these SNRIs, venlafaxine is mainly metabolized by CYP2D6, desvenlafaxine is mainly metabolized by conjugation and minor metabolized by CYP3A4, it is also an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Duloxetine is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6. Based on the information above and patient's genotyping result, desvenlafaxine will be the best choice for her. Although it is a dose-dependent inhibitor of CYP2D6, this patient has no CYP2D6 enzyme activity, desvenlafaxine won't cause the clinical impact on CYP2D6 in this

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States today. Fortunately, due to advanced technology and research about this disorder and its effects on the brain, there are many different kinds of medication to help treat those who are depressed. One of these medications includes Amitriptyline.

Iloperidone, a derivative of piperidinyl-benzisoxazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug. The specific indication for the drug is alleviation of psychotic symptoms and not schizophrenia. This is a noteworthy difference from the standard indications for the recently enlisted antipsychotic drugs as these indicate a clinical condition as opposed to a symptom happening in patients who have a clinical condition (for this situation, schizophrenia). This is the approach suggested in the TGA adopted European Union (EU) rule. Iloperidone binds with high antagonistic affinity to serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and moderately interacts with dopamine D4, serotonin 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 and adrenergic α1 and α2 receptors.

These drugs have been joined in recent years by a third group, the second-generation antidepressants, of which there are an upwards of 30 different kinds. The MAO inhibitors were originally intended to treat TB and the doctors noticed that the medication seemed to make patients happier. It works biochemically by slowing down the body’s production of MAO. Sometimes patients may experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat foods containing tyramine (cheese, bananas, etc.), but an introduction of a skin patch has helped to curb this issue. Tricyclics were discovered while searching for medications to help schizophrenia when researchers found that imipramine relieved depressive symptoms. Comparatively, patients have been known to improve at a rate of 60% - 65%. Most patients who immediately stop taking tricyclics upon symptom relief will relapse within the year, while that number drops drastically in those who continue treatment for at least five additional months (Corey, 2013). Since, unlike MAO inhibitors, these do not require dietary restrictions, they are prescribed much more often. Some patients have even been known to show higher rates of improvement as a result. Second-generation antidepressants are another option, often selected for their effectiveness and speed of action, as well as increased difficulty in

The newest medications used to suppress depression are collectively known as selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs work by altering the

Quetiapine Fumarate is a novel atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar I mania, bipolar II depression and bipolar I depression [1]. The antipsychotic effect of quetiapine might be mediated through antagonist activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors. Quetiapine specifically antagonized the D1 and D2 dopamine, the alpha 1 adrenoreceptor and alpha 2 adreno-receptor, and 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 serotonin receptor subtypes[1].

When one has  a major depressive disorder they can exhibit several behaviors such as depressed mood, feel guilt or shame, suicidal thoughts or self-neglect, low self-esteem, loneliness, negative outlook on everything. They can also show fatigue, sleeping problems, appetite increase or decrease, loss of sex drive and mental and physical slowing down or agitated. There are a few treatments for this disorder such as psychotherapy, antidepressant medications, electroconvulsive treatment (ECT), and other somatic therapies. One of the most recognized drugs used to treat MDD is Cymbalta. Cymbalta is used to help regain chemical balance in the brain that is thought to cause MDD. This medication is taken orally and

I have increased to the 40mg dosage of the Cymbalta and am seeing greater progress during my work hardening sessions with Michael Caruso. He mentioned this afternoon that the restriction in my shoulder had eased slightly and I was gaining greater mobility. However, I am experiencing many of the side effects that we knew might be occur such as a change in consciousness and having to read a document a couple times for comprehension, trouble remaining asleep, feeling lightheaded and very fatigued, and decreased appetite.