Dvt Essay

Expulsion of minimal bright red vaginal discharge is normal after delivery. It is difficult for the nurse to ascertain client stability merely by assessing the vaginal discharge and estimating amounts of vaginal blood loss.

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare disease occurring in 10-15% of monochorionic-diamniotic twin gestations in which vascular connections are shared between the fetuses via a common placenta1, 2, 3. A theoretical imbalance in the vascular distribution creates a shift in circulation causing one fetus to receive a surplus in volume, the recipient, and the other to be deficient, the donor4, 5. TTTS can present at any gestational age6 and can progress in severity causing significant morbidity, especially to the recipient, and even demise of one or both twins1, 2, 6. Classic ultrasonic markers of TTTS have been well-described as an amniotic fluid imbalance between the twins2. Several staging systems have been

DVTs usually occur within the deep veins of the lower leg. The DVTs that remain in the lower leg and calf tend to be asymptomatic and do not become clinically significant. A DVT is most likely to present symptoms when the proximal leg veins are involved and also when the DVT obstructs venous outflow resulting in inflammation of the vein wall (Bonner and Johnson, 2014). Warmth, redness, pain and swelling in the affected limb are common symptoms of a DVT. If a patient presents with these symptoms, a physical examination of the whole limb should be undertaken by a nurse or physician to observe for signs suggestive of a DVT. Suggestive symptoms of DVTs include superficial venous dilation, tenderness along the course of the vein, unilateral leg oedema, cyanosis, warmth and erythema (Bonner and Johnson, 2014). On examination of the limb, these are the symptoms that the nurse or physician should be looking out for, however, diagnosis on clinical presentation alone is extremely difficult as these symptoms are not specific to DVT and can be present in numerous other conditions. To improve accuracy when determining the probability of a DVT, nurses are advised to use the two level DVT Wells score. Each clinical feature is accompanied with a score. If a patient presents with a score that is two points or higher, it is likely that a DVT is present and

According to the National Hemophilia Foundation (.n d.), people with VWD experience recurrent nosebleeds, easy bruising and extreme bleeding for the duration of and after invasive procedures, such as tooth removals and surgery. Women often experience menorrhagia, heavy menstrual periods that last lengthier than usual, and hemorrhaging after giving birth. The signs and symptoms depends on the severity of the disease.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) happens when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in your body, it usually takes place in your legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause swelling or leg pains, and you may not get any symptoms at all. Deep vein thrombosis can arise if you have certain medical conditions that affect how your blood clots. Deep vein thrombosis can also happen if you don't move for a long time. I can happen sitting in a car for too long, after surgery, following an accident, or when you are confined to a hospital or nursing home bed. DVT is a serious condition because blood clots in your veins can break loose, travel through your bloodstream and lodge in your lungs. It can block the blood flow and cause a pulmonary embolism.

Anderson study: Four randomized trials of patients, aged 52-66, with DVTs were done to determine different interventions that can contribute to either making DVT’s

However, a diagnosis of MTS relies on both clinical and imaging findings because the presence of iliac vein compression alone is insufficient for a diagnosis. There are currently no standardized clinical or radiologic diagnostic protocols in place to aid in the identification of MTS. Since MTS is treated by a wide array of specialties, including interventional radiology, vascular surgery, cardiology, and vascular medicine, the need for an established diagnostic criterion is imperative in order to reduce misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. MTS patients generally do not respond well to conservative treatments; thus, early diagnosis and treatment is paramount in order to avoid complications such as iliofemoral DVT or venous insufficiency.[3, 4] This review will describe the clinical presentations of MTS and focus on the imaging modalities that have been used in aiding and confirming a

Testing for DVT consist of serum blood testing for specific enzymes called D-Dimer which is a byproduct fibrinolysis; then it would suggest recent presence and lysis of thrombi (Douketis, 2016). Other diagnostic procedures include duplex ultrasonography of the affected limb to determine blood flow in the affected area and contrast venography. Treatment of DVT consists of anticoagulant therapy intravenously, subcutaneously flowed by oral anticoagulant therapy for maintenance, insertion of inferior vena cava filters, thrombolytic medications to dissolve the blood clot (Douketis, 2016). The last option for treatment of DVT is surgery which is rarely needed; thrombectomy is the surgical procedure where the clot is removed manually from the place of

Blood tests: which will show increased blood level of D dimer (a clot dissolving substance).

If the blood clot in the patients calf may have been dislodge, there was a high chance of it

While varicose veins may not be a serious health hazard at first, if they are left untreated, they can develop into a serious condition that is much more difficult to treat. Even when the veins do not yet show beneath the skin, the symptoms may still be there. If you have any of the following symptoms, you may want to consider vein treatment:

Varicose veins affect many more women than men. Some of the more common causes of varicose veins are obesity, pregnancy, chronic constipation, and tumors. Standing for long periods of time increases the risk of varicose veins, surprisingly, sitting cross-legged does not. Varicose veins are more common in seniors since the veins are more worn out and the valves are not as strong as they once were.

pre-eclampsia could be defined as a problem that arises during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and with the contingency to damage some of the major organs, such as the kidneys. Preeclampsia is considered a serious condition that can lead to dangerous complications for both the patient and her baby. However, how exactly it is caused is not exactly known. Researchers suspect that it may involve problems with the blood vessel development in the fetus, which in turn causes a dysfunctional reaction in the mother’s blood vessels. Furthermore, the Guideline (2011) stresses that a pregnant woman should be assessed for pre-eclampsia at each consultation by measuring her blood pressure levels. For a more thorough overview this assessment

The principal mode of diagnosis is a differential diagnosis, and it includes a plethora of facets; bleeding from implantation site, which may be due to uterine atony, with predisposing factors such as infections, and retained placenta or abnormal placentation (Sheiner, 2011). Coagulation disorders and trauma are also essential facets considered during diagnosis (Sheiner, 2011). Conventionally, there are different methods used for the estimation of blood loss during diagnosis, and they are majorly classified as clinical and quantitative methods (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Clinical method remains the primary means to

Recently, however, there has been widespread use of the less invasive duplex ultrasound to assess the deep and superficial venous systems, allowing treatment to be much more focussed, as well as reducing the likelihood of trauma. The Duplex Ultrasound machine works by assessing the direction and speed of blood flow, whilst producing a direct ultrasound picture of the enlarged veins on a screen. This allows the specialist to map the distribution of veins.