Dysstonia Research Paper

Usually once atrophy of the hip musculature is noticed, shoulder weakness in noticed also. Those inflicted with DMD will also have trouble with overhead activates, and keeping the shoulders flexed for long periods of time. Scott M. Giles actually lists the following muscles affected by DMD: “Shoulder girdle musculature, pectorals, deltoids, rectus abdominals, gluteals, hamstrings, and calf muscles” 6. DMD patients continue to lose control and strength in their lower extremity musculature and eventually have so much trouble walking they are confined to a wheelchair. There is not a set age where this occurs, but the average is around twelve years old. The DMD muscles involved in eating, drinking, and of the eye are not touched by the disease. They usually do not have any hearing deficits or stroke disorders 1.

What's (DMD)? (DMD) is the abbreviation for the disease Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy which is the most common and most severe form of muscular

either be “cured” or slowed down and how doctors can and cannot tell which muscular dystrophy

These deficits increase during the course of the disease and are due to loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the motor circuits in the basal ganglia which are necessary for control and coordination of movements. The symptoms displayed because of this are: bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity of muscles and impaired posture (Millage, Vesey, Finkelstein, & Anheluk, 2017). Research indicates that exercise modalities can improve both motor and non-motor aspects of PD (Dashtipour et al., 2015).

Muscular dystrophy is a lethal sex-linked disorder characterised by progressive muscle weakness and muscle degeneration. It has been a medical problem for many years. In particularly Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) for it is the most frequently occurring and one of the most rapidly progressive in children neuromuscular disorders (MDA, 2015). DMD affects approximately 1 in 3600 live male births throughout the whole world (MDA, 2015). DMD can cause or create an array of difficulties for diagnosed patients depending on how bad the patient’s case of DMD is. This is all as a result of the faulty or lack of the dystrophin gene, making it incredibly difficult for these patients to do simple activities like walking and running.

They have trouble eating and writing because of cramping in their hands. Bradykinesia is slowness of voluntary movement. It gets harder for them to initiate movement and to complete movement. This can cause expressionless “mask-like” appearance because this can affect their facial muscles. Postural instability makes it difficult for the individual to maintain balance in their posture. This can cause them to trip and fall. Parkinsonian gait is a more aggressive symptom, this causes the individual to walk with a distinctive shuffle in a stooping position. Most people lose the ability to swing their arms while walking to keep their balance, which can cause them to fall or stumble.

Rigidity can be very uncomfortable and even painful. Most people with Parkinson’s disease don’t walk with their arms swinging because of stiff and rigid muscles. The rigidity also causes the patient to have slow movement. Because muscles are so tight and can’t easily move, patients take a long time moving from step to step because of the associated pain. Another symptom that challenges Parkinson’s disease patients is slurred speech. People have a difficult time understanding what patients are saying. Parkinson’s disease can affect a person’s voice, causing them to speak softly or have difficulty forming sounds clearly. The third sign is Bradykinesia, which is one of the most significant problems for Parkinson disease patients. According to data from robot-assisted gait training, Bradykinesia causes everything the patient does to be slow. Bradykinesia is also expressed as micrographia (small handwriting), hypomimia (decreased facial expression), decreased blink rate, and hypophonia (soft speech). Bradykinesia causes difficulty with repetitive movements, such as finger

Parkinson’s disease and stroke are two medical pathologies that can result in dysarthria. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that results in rigidity, weakness, and tremors. Difficulties with voice and

Tremor is the main symptom of PD but there are other simple symptoms like loss of balance, change in speech and slow movement. Many people and scientists in general believe that head damage or backbone damage as a result of accidents and other problems are the main cause of PD (Mayeux, 143). However, recent studies have indicated that psychiatric disorders are main cause of this PD. The main mental illness disorders that have been associated with PD are anxiety, affected disorders and schizophrenia. However, other issues such as trauma, depression and stress are risk factors for PD. Recent studies have provided different results on the relationship between psychiatric disorders and PD and the studied had many limitations especially due to bias and that is why this research was conducted to provide more reliable information on the relationship between psychiatric disorder and PD. However, the reliability of this research has not yet been guaranteed and that is why the study will be put under critique in this paper.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurological disorder that affects the movements and nervous system of the body. Parkinson’s starts out slow and continues to worsen over time. It is estimated that one million people in the United States alone are struggling with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a very hard disease to live with day by day. It can make simple fine motor skills a difficult task such as, buttoning your pants, eating a slice of pizza, or even turning a door handle. It affects about 1.5% of the world’s population that are over the age of 65. There has not been a cure found for the disease and the cause is still unknown. Medications and surgeries are available that can help with the symptoms, but overall there is nothing to fully rid someone affected by Parkinson’s. Once you are diagnosed, this is something you live with for the rest of your life.

Never heard of it? Us either up until recently. We both along with others agree we have found our answers. To futher explain, there are different types of Dystonia. We are fairly confident she may be experiencing Paroxysmal Dystonia. Which means the symptoms come and go in episodes.

The disease is rare with odds that are three to six in every 100,000 people across the world. This statistic makes the disorder less common than Parkinson’s disease which has an estimated 50,000 people who are diagnosed each year. Parkinson’s is another movement disorder which is also progressive and affects the nervous system as well. It starts off as showing little signs and may be recognized by little facial expression or slurred speech. One of the differences between the two disease’s is that Parkinson’s disease has medications that may drastically improve the patients symptoms. But both of these disease’s do not have a complete cure to get rid of it entirely.

There are two main classifications for Focal Dystonia based on the causes: Primary and secondary. The first one is not caused by any external reason and is probably caused by a genetic component. The second one is occasioned by an external trauma or any other cause that can trigger the issue. In the case of musicians, the most of the subjects seem to fall under the second category: the repetitive movements of the same muscles would cause The Dystonia, even if there could be a genetic predisposition for it. There is not a clear cure for this problem and only some partial solutions as Neurological re-training or Botox injections seem to alleviate the problem, but not fix it totally.

Neurodegenerative disease is a broader term for a range of conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. These disorders are fatal and devastating conditions that result in progressive deterioration and / or death of the nerve cells. Neuromuscular Disorders constitute a major category of neurodegenerative disorders contributing to significant disability & family burden and pose a threat to quality of life of the affected individual and family living with MND. The efforts for a cure for these disorders are still progressing.

Dystonic tremor is a type of tremor that can affect any individual under any age. This disease takes place in conjunction with a neurological disorder called dystonia. When incorrect message from the brain affects some muscles, it results in abnormal movements of body parts. Its amplitude and frequency are unknown.