E. Cois Lab Report

[1] – Molecular Cell Biology, 7th edition 2012, Harvey Lodish, Chris A. Kaiser, Anthony Bretscher, et al. Macmillian Higher Education.

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

RNA processing: In eukaryotic cells, introns, non-coding regions of RNA, are removed and a tail and a cap is added to RNA to help its movement.

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) virulence depends on the active transport of vesicles that contain melanin and capsule precursors, proteinases, and other macromolecules. We previously found that the Cn intersectin protein Cin1 regulates intracellular trafficking critical for growth and virulence and that Cin1-S isoform confers a marked survival advantage in the CNS of a murine model of cryptococcosis. In addition, we found that the expression of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) including small RNA (sRNA), mRNA, and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) was significantly differentiated among cin1, CIN1-S, and wild type stains. Further investigation of these observations could promote our understanding of Cn propensity for the host CNS and the virulence

Fig. 12 CXL10-/- mice are relatively protected against FFC-induced liver injury and inflammation. WT & CXCL10-/- mice were fed either chow or FFC-diet for 20 weeks. (A) Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. (C) Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and mRNA expression of surface macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD)68 was evaluated by real-time qPCR. (D) Assessment of macrophage infiltration in fixed liver tissue was done by immunohistochemistry using macrophage galactose-specific lectin (Mac-2) antibody. Bar columns represent mean ± S.E.M. *** P < .001, * P < .05 compared to WT chow-fed mice.

2. (5 pts) List and explain the names and affiliations of the various characters/stakeholders in this story – I’m looking for us to use the story to map out the complexities that are generally associated with solving public health puzzles – the stakeholders you list and explain here should apply to many of the cases we consider going forward.

Title​: Studies of Large RNAP­NusG­70S Transcription­Translation Linking Complex  Author​: Dominique Gutierrez, Cristina Gutierrez­Vargas, and Dr. Joachim Frank      Abstract    Escherichia coli (E.coli)​ is an ideal model organism. Many mechanisms found in                        E.coli are resembled in other species. S10, a protein on the 30S subunit of the                               ribosome, is highly conserved and found in pathogens, including Pseudomonas                     aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. S10 has been                   shown to interact with NusG, a transcription elongation factor, linking the translational                         machinery to that of transcription. The coupling

Translation involves the mRNA binding to ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell. Here, transfer RNA, or tRNA, molecules also bind to the ribosome. The order

This is my first analogy post, so please bear with me. I thought it might be helpful to further describe the process of coupled Transcription-Translation, as there seemed to be confusion during our last lecture.

Translation is the modification of language of a mRNA molecule from a nucleotide base sequence to an amino acid sequence. There are three main steps in translation which are: initiation, elongation, and termination. In order for translation to begin, initiation must occur. Initiation begins at the codon AUG, but in order to know which AUG to begin at, the Shine-Dalgarmo sequence is the indicator of where to begin. The Shine-Dalgarmo sequence is made up of a few purine nucleotides strung together,

In this article the guanine sensing riboswitch from Bacillus subtillis , xpt-pbuX riboswitch(GSW) was studied. GSW riboswitch, like others, “functions via conformational switching between mutually exclusive base-paired structures”(Steinhert et al.,2017). Riboswitches generally consists of two domains, an evolutionarily conserved aptamer domain which is responsible for sensing the ligand, and a non-conserved domain that contains signals for control of gene expression(Serganov et al.,2012). The xpt-pbuX riboswitch has four complementary sequences or strands, the 5’ aptamer strand (P), aptamer stabilizing strand (A), which make the aptamer domain,a switching strand (T) and Terminator strand (H). It could assume a termination conformation, in which P binds with A , then T pairs with H to form a terminator helix, or an anti-termination conformation, where A and T are paired while P and H are unpaired. The action of riboswitches involves both RNA folding and ligand binding.Transcription kinetics, which is affected by transcriptional pausing, plays a crucial role in the folding of RNA. Ligand binding determines how riboswitches regulate gene expression. When the ligand binds to the riboswitch, it stabilizes the termination conformation so transcription is turned off, but in the absence of the ligand the riboswitch will be in the

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

onformational dynamics of multi-body systems play critical roles in numerous chemical and biological processes.1–9 For example, self-assembly provides a powerful tool to fabricate advanced materials via a bottom-up approach in nanotechnology;1–7 precise recognition between drug molecules and protein receptors is a key factor in drug discovery;8 and understanding protein aggregation may pave the way for the development of therapeutics to treat neurodegenerative diseases.9 Therefore, insights into the kinetics of these multi-body processes would greatly help to advance our understanding in these important fields.However, dissecting the kinetic mechanisms of multi-body processes is very challenging because they are rather complex and often