Early Earth Lab Report

Most of us are familiar with the panspermia hypothesis – that life can be “seeded” from asteroid, comet, and planetoid contents – but to date, no direct evidence has been discovered. So, why should we consider meteorites to be possible parents? The truth is out there somewhere and these space rocks contain the essentials, as far down as to amino acids. Until now, what has been recovered has been regarded as structured. However, the matter of Tagish Lake arose.

Australia has small crystals that enables scientist map out earths existence; they are called Zircons. The earth began as dust. The planet was extremely hot at first and without a certain collusion it would not be what it is today. A planet with four seasons and with tides in the ocean from the moon. At first, there were no continents they would come along later, so it was mostly water. Next, single cell organisms and photosynthesis would start creating oxygen. In fact, oxygen was so abundant it froze most the planet. Eventually, oxygen would lead the planet to multicellularity. Life would come and go many times over the course of time. This would be causes by catastrophic events, but life would always be resilient. All life evolved from the sea.

The first line of fossil evidence is from stromatolites, layers of early life fossil remains that tell scientists that microorganisms existed billions of years ago . The second line is microfossils, individual fossilized cells that show evidence that these microbes used sulfur for energy and nutrients. Isotopic evidence is the third line where carbon dating is used, more specifically carbon-13 since nonliving organisms are found to have a higher level of carbon-13. This evidence implicates that life is

It is pronounced that Earth First! Is a verb, not a noun therefore their tactical choices are always direct action (Earth First! Journal). Intelligence agents have drawn associations between these groups as they are organized non-hierarchically that have embrace the tactics of public demonstrations. With their structure being non-hierarchical they reject highly paid professional staff and a formal leadership method (Earth First! Journal). A form of public demonstrations that they are known for being tree sitting, but when that doesn’t stop them they tend to convey direct action. Direct action, meaning to them the personal, spiritual, and strategic efforts to defend the Earth (Earth First! Journal). Earth First! Is defined by action. They say

And, as it is thought that billions of rocks came to Earth from Mars when the solar system was young, couldn’t life have come to Earth, too? Maybe, and the possibility certainly shouldn’t be totally ruled out when we consider this evidence. If lithopanspermia is possible (which the astronomer admits is unlikely), “countless worlds could be encrusted with biology”, according to the astronomer.

In the beginning of the Archean Eon, the atmosphere was full of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon. Water vapor was also heavy in the atmosphere because the oceans were beginning to form as well. Within these oceans, the water was about between 55 and 85 degrees celsius. The crust was cooling down enough to where the continental plates and rocks were beginning to form. The rocks that were formed in that time period contain the oldest fossils known (3.5 bya) but they have either been eroded or covered by younger sediments due to the fact that they were the first formed. In the oceans, single-celled organisms were beginning to form; we are what we are because of these organisms. Near the end of this Eon, some of the organisms began to photosynthesize

Throughout time, it has been a mystery where all life on Earth came from. Though many theories have been thought of, none have strong enough evidence to prove their existence. From meteors from outer space, to clay in the earth, some hypotheses are more widely recognized than others, but none are truly correct as far as our knowledge goes.

Conclusion The hypothesis for the Earth’s Layers Lab was “If the Earth has layers, then the denser material will be closer to the center of the Earth,“ and the hypothesis was accepted. The data collected during the experiment accepted the hypothesis was that the sand from film canister #1 had a density of 0.32 g/mL3 and the canister would float on top of the water. The sand from film canister #2 had a density of 0.99 g/mL3 and the top of the canister would be right below the surface if the water. Finally, the sand from film canister #3 had a density of 1.17 g/mL3 and the canister sunk to the bottom of the container of water.

Oparin and English geneticist, J.B.S. Haldane in 1924. The Primordial Soup Hypothesis suggests that the origin of life started in a warm pond or ocean as a result of the combinations of chemicals from the atmosphere and some form of energy to form amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, which would then evolve into different species. The evidence sparked from a simple idea that the organisms that had been created, would have to have been heterotrophs and consumed one another until photosynthesis made an appearance and became autotrophs by mutation. Chemist, Stanley Miller and Physicist, Harold Urey did an experiment in 1953 to test the Primordial Soup Hypothesis. Miller sent an electrical charge through a flask with a solution that consisted of methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, this created amino acids. Amino acids are the most basic structural and functional component to cellular life, all the evidence that the scientists reveal show the likelihood of natural organic creations sprouting from the evolution of these simple amino

One of the theories explained that life on Earth originated from the comets and asteroids that came from the outer space. Comets are rocks that contain cores made of ice and dust. Asteroids are small rocky objects that orbit around our sun.

One of the theories was already explained in the previous section, the Miller and Urey experiment; and example for primitive soup. Other theories that give us an example of how life started are as followed: deep sea vent; clay; panspermia; and RNA (9, 10). The deep sea vent describes how some vents produce high ph and cooler water for a suitable environment to live in (9, 10). The theory with the clay is that it becomes like a dish to hold amino acids or RNA nucleotide together to form polymers (9, 10). Panspermia, life from space, is meteorites from outer space that crash into the earth containing organic molecules (9, 10). Researchers discovered that some RNA were able to catalyst by them, the RNA were called ribozymes (9, 10). Knowing that some RNA can become an enzyme and that RNA can self-replicate; errors can occur and new molecule is created, which can lead to new organisms (10). Although the theories of how earth originated helps give general ideas; issues also arises. The problem with the deep sea vent and clay is that water is present; preventing some necessarily chemical reaction to occur for living organisms (9, 10). The effects of protein in the origin of life plays a huge role, seems to be found in all theories that researchers have

Only a small percentage of life survived through the ice age. The large amount of oxygen killed off a lot of the anaerobic life and the small amount of anaerobic life that survived hid in places with no oxygen like geysers. After the first ice age, multicellular life started appearing. Most of the life that appeared used oxygen to survive because it was a very good source of energy and it was everywhere. According to the timeline on http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth#timeline, “The first Eukaryotes appeared 1.5 billion years ago. Eventually, they started evolving and evolving until they became complex life like plants and animals.

However, this finding brings rise to further questions. In order to believe that all life evolved from other life, one has to assume that at some point, some form of life was created through spontaneous generation, providing further room to suspend disbelief and investigate our understanding of life.

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis is the theory that says that 3.55 billion to 3.8 billion years ago life began in ponds or oceans from the combination of chemicals from the atmosphere and some form of energy. It created amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. This theory was proposed by Russian chemist A. I. Oparin and English geneticist J.B.S. Haldane in the 1920s. They proposed this hypothesis independently. The Miller-Urey Experiment in 1953 is the strongest evidence for this theory. A graduate student and his professor used conditions thought to be present on primitive Earth to test the hypothesis and saw that amino acids formed in those conditions.

There are many hypotheses about the formation of a primitive terrestrial environment. These hypotheses explain the origin of biomolecules including amino acids, purines, sugars, and many more. These hypotheses verify the creation of molecules through these various processes.