Early Uses Of Animal Experimentation

This helps to ensure the results are as reliable as possible and allows progress in many fields of science it is important that everyone follows these regulations in order to maintain a high quality of research. Animal research has led to much advancement in scientific research and even continues to help the animals themselves, as our knowledge increases we need to use fewer animals to get the same results and in some cases have even been able to replace animals with non-sentient alternatives (House of Lords, 2002). I believe the procedures and policies in place do a good job of limiting animals in research to the minimum needed and do as much as is possible to ensure animals are treated as well as possible with as little pain, suffering or stress caused as is practicable (Bennett,

The effects of not having animals around to test them for certain medications is drastic. Scientists should test animals before making things consumable by the public to protect the public from harm. Also, the amount of medical equipment, medicines, and treatments that could not possibly have evolved without the use of animals. The lack of those necessities could lead to distraught for both animals and humans. An example of this distraught took place in 1937. The chief pharmacist for a prescription company put raspberry flavoring in a erythromycin that already had DEG, also known as diethylene glycol. “He simply added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug, which he had dissolved in DEG, and the company marketed the product” (Hajar 1). Later on, the company made the medicine available to the public, and animal testing was not performed on the medicine before opening up for public use. This led to numerous deaths due to poisoning from the DEG. “The preparation led to mass poisoning causing the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing was done. The public outcry caused by this incident and other similar disasters led to the passing of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requiring safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed” (Hajar 1).

Since Ancient Greece, humans have used animals as means of learning more about the world. The first known vivisection was done by a Greek philosopher, Alcmaeon, in 450 B. C. E (“Animal Testing” NP). Since then, animals have had invasives tests performed on them, been killed, and been experimented on in the name of science or for profit. Some experiments are in order to demonstrate already known facts to students, others are to further medical knowledge, and some are to test drugs and cosmetics (“Animal Testing” NP). Scientific testing on animals has led to many medical discoveries. Animals are used, and have been used for millennia, in order to make products, procedures, and life in general safer for humans - stemming from the belief that human lives are more important than animals’. In order to moralize animal experimentation, people tend to draw attention to the benefits of animal experimentation and draw attention away from the cruelties and injustice committed towards animals. To lessen the suffering and lack of fairness of animals, people should find and use alternatives to animal experimentation.

From the early beginnings of civilizations, humans have had a symbiont relationship with animals. Animals have allowed humans to make great progression through history, from early farming methods, to transportation, even scientific research. Recently the ethics of the use of animals in scientific research and clinical testing have been a subject of a controversial debate. Animals have been used in scientific research as early as 500 BC (Miziara et al. 2012). One of the most impactful innovations for quality of life since the end of the middle ages has been medicine, drastically improving life spans and reducing child deaths. One of the key sources of medicinal research during this time and to this day are animal models.

In the early twentieth century there were little to no regulation on animal testing, until 1937 after a pharmacticual company released a medication called Elixir Sulfanilamide. This medication contained a solution that was poisonous to humans and caused over a hundred deaths; as a result, the government created the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938, which made animal testing mandatory for new drugs (“Animal Experimentation”). However, this testing causes harm to the animals used, the test results are unreliable and there are other means of testing that is less harmful.

The famous Greek physician and surgeon, Claudius Galenus or commonly known as Galen, started to experiment with animals. But the modern era of animal testing started around 400 years ago. Back then, Animals were treated worse than they are now.

Animal experimentation can be used to gain further understanding of the biology and anatomy of that creature or even humans. The notion of animals being able to serve as a model for humans was supported by Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory in 1859 (Hawkins). Even prior to this theory, however, surgery on animals became popular in ancient

The first cases of animal testing happened in the ancient times to satisfy a curiosity for anatomy and to obtain knowledge. Back in these days a researcher would cut open an awake animal before a crowd. Belgian Andreas Vesalius and his students in Padua, Italy demonstrated public lectures on anatomy. “An animal, usually a dog, would be cut open while still alive and the function of each organ would be speculated upon as it was located” (Monamy 9). Today animals are used as a way to test new and unknown medications on a living organism. But even then, one such physician stated that he would rather use a pig as his subject because he wanted to, “avoid seeing the unpleasant expression of an ape” (Monamy 9). The ethics of animal testing has always been questioned. Humans do not want to think of animals as on the same level of us. Animal testing is helping save people’s lives, but what about the animals lives that are taken to achieve success. The similarity between humans and animals is terrifying and makes the cruelty obvious. In the 16 century it was recorded that early scientists who performed experiments and operations on live animals, did not consider animals to be equal to humans and barely cared for them. Relado Colombo is a good example of this kind of scientist. He was known for performing live lectures on pregnant dogs. “Maehle and Trohler said that he would take the young fetuses from the mother and harm them in front of her. Being a mother, she would bark furiously

Ninety two percent of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human trials because they are too dangerous. Animals are being put in situations like this with little to no help. An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animal tests are used for everything from drugs to makeup. The majority of medical treatments you have used were, at one point, tested on animals.

In the mid 1850s, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution suggested that animal’s biological composition is similar to the human body. Therefore we could test on animals to understand how certain treatments, drugs and procedures could service the human body. In addition to Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution in the 1850, ancient civilizations tested on animals. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, used animals in his studies along with Galen, Roman physician and father of modern medicine, who used animals to learn about human anatomy by analogy. “An enormous breakthrough came in 1922 when animal testing allowed for insulin to be isolated from dogs. Prior to this isolation, individuals with diabetes essentially 'wasted' away from the metabolic effects of uncontrolled high blood sugar. In the 1930s, modern anaesthetics and antibiotics were developed from the use of animal testing. In addition, anticoagulants and kidney dialysis, both life-saving treatments, were introduced following animal testing.” Soon after, people became concerned with the fact that a myriad

Experimentation is a vital aspect of all sciences, as it validates hypothesis and furthers scientific development. However, many believe that science crosses the line when animals become subjected to experimentation as a way to further research. This is a controversial topic, as it examines what, to us, as humans, is more important, morality or science? These animals are forced to endure pain and suffering, in an attempt to prolong and ease the lives of humans. Animal vivisection is unethical, and there are alternatives that can be utilized, therefore, it should be lessened, and ultimately eradicated.

Scientists and researchers around the world claim that many people owe their health to animal research. Several noteworthy medical advancements, such as the polio vaccine, insulin for diabetes, and antibiotics for pneumonia, have been said to have not been possible without the use of

Any knowledge obtained, or currently being obtained, through the use of animals is beneficial to furthering the human understanding of medicine (Greek et al. 15). Throughout history, animal experimentation has been a key component in understanding the fundamentals of human life. Kay Peggs argues that “virtually every major medical advance of the last century is due, in part, to research with animals” (624). Before recent times, scientists could easily dissect animals strictly for exploration and curiosity (Greek et al. 15). The knowledge gained from animal experimentation has helped scientists get desired results without causing direct harm to humans. Without animal experimentation, medicine and education would be in the dark ages.

The world has become very advanced through scientific discoveries in the past. As time continues to progress, so does the world 's knowledge. New discoveries are made every day that help with diseases and technology. During the developments and discoveries in the scientific field, people find that the richest discoveries in health or medicine generally depend on animal testing. According to "Animal Testing in the History of Anesthesia: Now and Then, Some Stories, Some Facts," the writer says, “There are many interesting anecdotes, […] about how dogs have been loved, named and tested by many anesthesiologists, […]. However, the contribution of experiments on animals such as rabbit, monkey, mice, guinea pigs etc., also played a significant role in the evolution of both general and regional anesthesia.” (149). This means the experts use many kinds of domestic animals for animal testing, like dogs and cats, in addition to wild animals, like monkeys and mice. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. According to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals, those animals have the right to live; the other opinion supports the idea of animal testing, claiming it is an important part of research that leads to medical advancement that produces results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year, huge numbers of animals are sacrificed for science, and all of these animals, regardless of their species,

Originally, animal testing took place by Early Greek and Roman physician-scientists, such as Aristotle, (384 – 322 BC), Erasistratus, (304 – 258 BC), and Galen (129 – 199 / 217 AD). These scientists claimed they introduced this experiment because they wanted to have a better understanding of anatomy. A few years passed, Ibn Zuhr, an Arab physician in the twelfth century, presented animal testing as an experimental method to analyze surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. This caused many people to criticize the practice of using animals for biomedical research. As a result, laws were passed to stop the inhumane cruelty of animal testing. Animal testing should be heavily prosecuted for its outright violation of animal rights, the manipulation of their genetics, and false view humans and animals are similar.