Earths Dynammic Ocean and Atmosphere

“Erosion occurs when the soil lacks protective vegetative cover”. (Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) “Soil erosion reduces the productivity of the land by loss of water, soil, organic matter, nutrients, biota, and depth of soil.” (Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) With no conservation methods in place in certain places like: no contour farming, no cover crop, no terraces, no water ways, and tillage on steep hills is asking for a loss of productivity from the land. The effects on the land that non-conservation methods have is horrible. “Its effects are pervasive, and its damages are long lasting. (Pimentel and others 1995a)” (Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) Soil loss is a bigger factor then most people think. For an example an comparison of how much soil is actually lost in certain environments: “On sloping agricultural land under tropical rainfall, as much as 400t/ha/yr of soil is lost (Pimentel unpublished report,1990).”(Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) “Under arid conditions with relatively strong winds, as much as 5600t/ha/yr of soil has been reported lost (Gupta and Raina 1996).” (Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) Soil loss is a huge factor when conservation practices are not put into place. “According to some investigators, approximately 75 billion tons a fertile soil are lost annually from the world’s agricultural systems (Myers 1993).” (Pimentel, Kounang, 1998) Soil loss is a huge factor and many different things can be done to help slow it,

A seawall was implemented at Cronulla beach as a result of the inappropriate development, which occurred, on the very shoreline. A seawall is a form of coastal defence, constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast. The purpose of a seawall is to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides and waves. Specifically in Cronulla, the seawall was administered in order to act as the tertiary dune, which was removed to conserve space that allowed coastal development to proceed. Ultimately, this structure protects the development behind it (such as hotels, restaurants and car park spots), against the waves and tides of the ocean. Hence its vital role is to capture sand and dissipate wave energy; the slight concave structure of the seawall at Cronulla increases the dissipative element of the waves, thus showcasing the Seawall’s efficacy. Such absorption of wave energy means the natural process of erosion is reduced incredibly; consequently leading to the increased stability of the land where infrastructure has been developed. Furthermore, despite the issue of inappropriate development being combated with the implementation of seawalls, there are numerous disadvantages associated with such a structure. The main role of a seawall is to dissipate or reflect incoming wave energy and as

tides. There are also many programs which help to ensure the stabilization of dunes, these include the planting of new vegetation to combat erosion, fencing and designated

The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and its plants and animals and also to investigate the history of the local environment, comprising human impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.

Lutgens, F. K. & Tarbuck, E. J. (2011). Foundations of earth science (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice

The Ocean is 70 percent of the earth surface, humans have explored less than five percent of the ocean, and is home to innumerable amount of living organisms. One of its oldest inhabitants is the Cheloniidae dates back to the Triassic era, roughly 250 million years ago, (Wang et al.,

In the realm of attempts to stave off coastal erosion and the impact of sea level rise, there are generally two categories of accepted proposals: soft and hard solutions.

From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission.

6. What causes ocean tides? Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun. The moon being closer has a greater effect on tides. Water on the side of Earth closest to the moon bulges toward the moon. There is also a bulge away from the moon on the opposite side of the Earth.

Shoreline erosion is a natural process that takes place on lakes, streams, waterways and along the coast. It is the progressive, albeit

Some amount of natural erosion is necessary to provide the sediment for beaches in estuaries and coastal bays. However, excessive erosion has occurred in the past due to development. Industrial and private development along the world’s coastlines has increased dramatically since the 1970s (Nepf). Developers and builders completed much of this construction without taking into account the effects of coastal erosion. New buildings were often placed too close to the existing shoreline so that

One method of conserving soil is terracing.Terracingcreatesdifferentlevelareasona hillside. Steps would then be created because each level would be higher. This decreases erosion because because soil barriers are created by the terraces. Another method is crop rotation. This method is when you rotate crops over time when you are farming. Crop rotation prevents soil depletion, maintains the fertility of the soil, and minimizes erosion from water by reducing overland

The texts from this reading list for the Erosion Control Structure Unit will be used as starting points for each of the topics to be discussed in the classroom. Topics for this unit in order are: general conservation, terraces and tile, ponds and spillways, and careers. Students will be assigned one reading in preparation for a new topic in class, and the three texts with different Lexile scores will provide students to read a text appropriate to their reading level. At the start of class, the discussion will be focused and based on the information the students read for homework. I will ask for questions students would like to explore or learn more about in the topic area. These questions will serve as a majority of the lessons material and

The few facts that are known about the ocean and its processes are not a part of common knowledge. This is due to the lack of information that is advertised to the public, lack of

Significantly, desertification also cause soil erosion, which means soil surface is worn by wind and water. Desertification makes soil easy to erode by water or wind, as soil is exposed and soil structure is instable without forest. LaI R(2003) says that ““Land area globally affected by erosion is 1094 million ha (Mha) by water erosion, of which 751 Mha is severely affected, and 549 Mha by wind erosion, of which 296 Mha is severely affected.” To control soil erosion, an obvious way is virescence, enlarging forest cover, which can protect the soil far from exposing to strong wind. Also, the roots of plants under ground play a role as a framework, as they are obstructions to soil movement,