Eating Disorders Disease: Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia is a serious mental health condition. It is an eating disorder where people try to keep their body weight as low as possible. DSM5 outlines the key diagnostic features for anorexia. Firstly, people with anorexia will restrict behaviours that promote healthy body weight. This could mean that they are consequentially underweight and this can be due to dieting, exercising and purging. There will also be a significant fear of weight gain, but this fear will not be relieved by weight loss. There will be a persistent fear that interferes with weight gain. Lastly, there will be a disturbed perception of ones weight and/or shape and denial of underweight status and its seriousness. Anorexia accounts for 10% of eating disorders in the UK and has

To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, they still see themselves as fat, or not thin enough. The onset of of symptoms begins usually in early adolescence with the diagnostic of disturbed Body image.

According to the Mayo Clinic (2016), eating disorders are “conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions, and your ability to function in important areas of life.” One such eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Not to be confused with anorexia, which is simply a general loss of appetite that can be attributed to many medical ailments, anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder and mental illness (Nordqvist, 2015). Anorexia nervosa is estimated to affect about .9% of women and .3% of men in their lifetime (“Eating Disorder Statistics & Research,” n.d.). In general, the disorder is commonly characterized by a distorted body image or self-concept, critically low weight (with respect to the patient’s height and age), and an irrational fear of becoming fat or an intense desire to be thin. There are two subtypes to this eating disorder: restrictive and binge/purge. In the restrictive type, the individual limits caloric intake and may compulsively over-exercise. In the binge/purge type, the individual consumes a considerable amount of food in a short period of time (binging) and then deliberately vomits (purging), takes laxatives, or fasts intensely in order to compensate for the food eaten (“General Information: Anorexia Nervosa,” n.d.). In either case, anorexia nervosa is undoubtedly a dangerous and alarming illness.

“Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder” (Wade, Keski- Rahkonen, & Hudson, 1995). There are many factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders including “biology, emotional health, and societal expectation, and other issues” (“Diseases and Conditions Bulimia nervosa”). One of the most prominent eating disorders in America and around the globe has been around since the Middle Ages: “Bulimia is first reliably described among the some of the wealthy in the Middle Ages who would vomit during meals so they could consume more” (“A History of Eating Disorders”). Today bulimia is more prevalent and is predicted to affect around “4% of women in the United States” (“Eating Disorder Statistics and Research”). In 1979, Gerald Russell published a description of bulimia nervosa. It was the first description of bulimia ever published. Only a year later in 1980 bulimia appeared for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III.

For this scenario, the term anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an overwhelming, irrational fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, compulsive dieting to the point of self-starvation, and excessive weight loss (Wood, Wood & Boyd, 2012 pg. 343). Tiffany is one of the best gymnast on her gymnastics team. Tiffany knows she is the best but is constantly wishing she were thinner like her favorite Olympic gymnasts. Lately, Tiffany’s friends have noticed a drastic change in her behavior and appearance. She constantly complains that she is too fat and ugly. Tiffany has begun a stringent set of routines, which involves more than two hours of rigorous training. Her friends have noticed she is always tired and that she fainted on

It is highly likely that you personally know or know of someone who has been affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder “involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight” (Nevid, Rathus, & Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, & Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimia are often normal weight while anorexia victims are well below the average weight.

I have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragile I looked. I embraced the attention I received from being thin, and did little to change my restrictive eating habit. I wouldn’t consider myself Anorexic, but I was accustomed to eating unhealthy high calorie snacks as a meal replacement. My family practitioner recommended that I see a psychiatrist; I refused and reminded my mother how thin she was in her youth. My mother agreed that she was thin, and decided that she may have been over reacting. I never saw a psychiatrist and remained extremely thin for several years thereafter afraid to ever “get fat”. I do wonder if a psychiatrist would have diagnosed me with Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive type NOS, below is my teen profile.

It is important to note that while a person can develop an eating disorder from an underlying medical condition, such as chemotherapy induced anorexia, this essay will look at eating disorders developed outside of such an illness and will refer to the following eating disorders and their definitions.

According to ANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(ANDA). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics.

Although the exact cause of anorexia isn't known, studies show that it is possibly a combination of biological, psychological, and/or environmental factors ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014). Scientists have yet to figure out exactly which gene(s) are involved in causing anorexia, but it can be acquired genetically, and surprisingly enough, it is seen more in twins than individual people ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014). Young women can who have an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) personality can have an extreme obsession of perfectionism toward their body, which can make them become anorexic due to the fact that they don't think they are thin enough ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014). By having OCD, young women are more vulnerable to being anorexic because it makes it easy for them to "...stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry.." ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014). Young women with OCD and anorexia nervosa usually have high anxiety levels and "...engage in restrictive eating to reduce it" ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014). "Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin" ("Diseases and Conditions: Anorexia Nervosa, 2014).

There are several approaches in psychology which attempt to explain mental disorders. The biological approach sees a mental disorder as a medical problem, it assumes mental illness to have a physical cause and the treatment offered is physical. Behavioural approach emphasise learned behaviour, its treatment is based on conditioning principles. New adaptive behaviours are learned. Other approaches which propose causes of mental disorders as psychological are psychodynamic and cognitive approaches. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss (or the lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children). There can be difficulties maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature and in many individuals, distorted body image. People with anorexia usually restrict the number of calories and the types of food they eat. Some people with the disorder also exercise compulsively, make themselves vomit and take laxatives, and/or binge eat. Anorexia can affect people of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, races, and ethnicities. Psychologists and historians have found evidence of people showing symptoms of anorexia for hundreds or thousands of years. Although the disorder most frequently begins during adolescence years, an increasing number of children and older adults are also being diagnosed with anorexia. Majority of the time you cannot tell if a person is struggling with anorexia by looking at them. A person does not need to be underweight to be dealing with this condition. Studies have found

An eating disorder is characterized as an illness that causes serious interferences to your everyday diet, which includes eating extremely small portions of food or severely overeating (National Institute of Health , 2014). An individual with an eating disorder majority of the time begin eating smaller or larger amounts of food, but the urge to eat less or more can spiral out of control. Severe distress or concerns about weight and body image can also be characterize as an eating disorder (National Institute of Health , 2014). Eating disorders usually appear during teen years or young adulthood, but can also develop during childhood or later in life. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

A good number of people have "strange" eating habits. Some show extremely picky behavior when it comes to food and some eat particular foods at particular times ("Eating Disorders," 2006). However, serious eating disorders can be categorized as follows:

In an article called “Kristina's story”, kristina develops anorexia nervosa at the age of ten years old. The weight loss was quick and drastic, which increased the curiosity of her parents’ friends as they asked if she had a terminal disease. Taking into consideration Kristina’s health, her parents quickly got on the phone to make an appointment with the nearest specialist. At the beginning of her fifth-grade year, Kristina was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, and despite all the fighting and crying,still, weekly she was seeing three treatment providers. Kristina is fortunate to have such a supporting and fast reacting family. Eating disorders are a very severe illness and should not be taken lightly. You may be asking yourself, How do eating