Economic And Political Challenges Facing China

China has changed in certain ways and remained the same in others from the early Golden Ages to the late 1900s. China has experienced a series of cultural and political transformations, shaping the lives of many Chinese citizens. Culturally, the country’s art and literature hardly changed for almost eight hundred years. Along with their culture, China remained politically the same from the beginning of the Golden Ages all the way until the 1800s. On the other hand, China’s government and society were restructured after new leaders took over. From a monarch to total communism, China’s society had a multitude of new ideas and policies they had to adapt to.

It is this that has sparked China’s vulnerability to external shocks. In 2011, China’s exports amassed almost $2 trillion, however in Feb 2012, China recorded a $31.5 billion trade deficit as a result of the European sovereign debt crisis in which China’s main trading partners plunged into recession. China’s severe BOGS decrease is an attempt to control growth and a sustained level of 7.5%. Investment policies are also critical for China to achieve economic growth and development. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China is being sought primarily in the redesign of State Owned Enterprises (SOE’s) and in the development of interior provinces. Between 75-80% of World Bank loans to China in 2008 were directed to the central and western regions, the most economically disadvantaged. This promotes increased wealth within China, leading to higher levels of development due to a more positive Human Development Index (HDI), which currently sits at 0.687, up from 0.677 in 2010. Thus, trade and investment are critical factors in ensuring that China’s growth remains sustained at 7.5% whilst still encouraging increases in development.

Ancient China’s rich history has a direct influence on the China of the 21st century. First, the immense importance of the cultivation of rice, which became a staple source of food in China for centuries. Next, the primary source of accounts of ancient china comes from the Shujing, which spanned the Xia, Shang, and Zhou empires. Furthermore, The power women could hold reached its heights during the Shang empire, and underwent a downward trajectory during the Zhou empire. Moreover, regime changes have had a unique outcomes in China due to the “Mandate of Heaven” which gave new regimes the control over the civilians of the conquered empires. Lastly, the decline of the Zhou came about from the power of local rulers who began to seek their own interests. Ultimately, the mandate of heaven bears responsibility for keeping China intact for centuries regardless of conflicts and shifts in power.

Xin Ren, Tradition of the Law and Law of the Tradition: Law, State, and Social Control in China 19 (1997). Although both of them exerted a deep influence on China’s state-building as well as on its moral and legal traditions, at the beginning, these two philosophies were bitterly opposed to each other, as they were based on entirely different principles. Id. Despite their differences, Legalism and Confucianism both endorsed the concept of the absolute monarchy. Id. China’s current has a legal system reflecting some aspects of contemporary civil and common law as practiced in the Western legal traditions; however, China’s legal system has often been based on Confucian philosophy, which accentuates social control through moral education and a juridical priority regarding coded law and criminal sanctions. Percy R. Luney, Jr., Traditions and Foreign Influences: Systems of Law in China and Japan, 129 (1989).

After the collapse of the Han dynasty, China had fallen into a period of civil wars, disruption, and a lack of a strong leadership. It wasn’t until the year 581, when the Sui was formed (Stearns 230). This was the beginning to the postclassical era of China that ran from the year 580 to 1279 C.E.. The Sui were not the only dynasty in China’s postclassical era, it was soon followed by the Golden age dynasties, Tang and Song. These three empires have made major contributions to the changes and development in China’s political, social, and economic grounding. They came to power in a similar action, but how they ran political varied between all three. Socially, they did have different views on many areas, but their economic situations were fairly

Major changes in political structure, social and economic life define the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties. Each period laid the foundation for the next, with changes and improvements to create a new order. China is one of the world’s richest historical countries boasting of ancient civilization. China has a mysterious and long history, about 5,000 years. China traces her culture to a blend of small tribes like any other great civilizations of the world. These small original tribes expanded to what is China today. The history of China records that Xia Dynasty is the oldest dynasty with Yuanmou man being the oldest hominoid in China. The country also documents a number of eminent people who contributed to the nation’s enrichment and development experienced today. However, this essay seeks to discuss the major changes in political structures, social and economic life that occurred during the Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty in China.

China’s Age of Preeminence lasted from 589– 1279 CE. During this epoch, commercial and technological innovations were made; spiritual, intellectual, and cultural creativity was born; and urban and rural society adapted to meet the demands of its people. According to Judge et al., “From the sixth through twelfth centuries, during the Tang and Song dynasties, China may have been the world’s most prosperous and cosmopolitan culture. It had extensive trade, innovative technology, inspiring poetry and art, robust religious institutions, large vibrant cities, and intense intellectual creativity.” The Tang dynasty

Any political changes in a nation result in a decline of investor confidence resulting in the withdrawal of investments in the nation leading to economic recession. The article notes that only time will tell the ability of China’s president to implement the Deng Xiaoping economic-reform strategy. In a demonstration of hyperbole, the authors note that the future economic growth of China represents a “$42 trillion question”, which represents the difference in the GDP gains in 2033 if the nations continue to observe progressive economic growth, in comparison to the projected growth during the next 20 years considering the world’s average (WSJ). There is an increased struggle to attain the balance in regard to the middle income-gap trap.
There are warnings from different economies that have predicted a

This research essay addresses the issue of legal development regarding the establishment of the rule of law in contemporary China by championing the idea that Chinese traditional conceptions of law have been hampering such legal development. For the purpose of this essay, the rule of law is a procedural device which represents the supremacy of law over every man, and derives governmental powers limited by the law in order to protect its citizens from the arbitrary and capricious exercise of abuse of authority. It is a Western concept that should apply automatically to all, cover all areas of life, and have judicial enforceability without any interference from other social institutions related to tradition or politics.

Without a doubt, China has been one of the leading countries in terms of economic developments in recent decades; however, the downside of the rapid economic achievements has risen to surface, calling Chinese Government to action.

As an effective leader, you must completely comprehend the scope of your unit mission to successfully complete the mission. You must also have an understanding of your units’ weakness and identify ways your enemy may exploit them to ensure a higher probability of mission success. China has assessed the United States tactics, and identified possible weaknesses in Tactics, Techniques & Procedures, and ways to exploit these weaknesses to influence curtain retaliation tactics. The matter of satellite security has been brought into question by the United States media after the display of China’s capabilities to disrupt and destroy satellites from the ground. Media outlets such as the Washington post, telegraph, and many more were quick to inform

Communism is a way of governing where the government is in control of everything and everyone. For the lives of everyone in the country that is Communist will forever be changed. This paper is written from not only from a place of informed research but from a family who has lived, suffered and been forever changed by a Communist government. Vladimir Lenin established the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1912. In 1924 Joseph Stalin took reign, which is the time period this paper will be focusing on. Communism in the Soviet Union finally came to an end in 1991.

In the National People’s Congress press conference in March 2007, China’s Premier Wen Jiabao argues the biggest problem with China’s economy is that its economic growth is unstable, unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable. Since export and investment play unsustainable roles in increasing China’s real GDP, this study tries to testify how consumption enhances the sustainability of China’s real GDP in the short run over a long period of time. As Krugman (1994) suggests, increase in the economic growth rate in the steady state can only be attained by the technological progress. However, it is also true that the increase in consumption will increase the real GDP in the short run. Based on the fact that the current ratio of consumption over output in China is much smaller than that of other countries, such as Japan and the United States, a higher ratio will increase China’s real GDP in the short run. Since it takes several years for China to change its economic structure toward consumption, the accumulation of each larger real GDP in the short run will result in a much larger real GDP in the long run. In other words, the increase in consumption will increase China’s economic growth rate indirectly. Therefore, this study uses a macroeconmetric model of Chinese economy to quantify what China’s real GDP would be in a series of increases in the ratio of consumption over output, spread over a long period of time and predicts what China’s real GDP level will be in the future

After the economic reforms of 1978, China gradually became the manufacturing hub of the world and its GDP catapulted from 214 billion USD and 9th in the world to almost 11 trillion and 2nd in the world in 2015 (focus economics, 2016). China’s financial system has managed to sustain this rapid economic growth for many years, mostly through the appropriate allocation of capital (Yan, 2013).

As I previously mentioned, what’s interesting about China is that it was once free of a prominent legal system. We can look back to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 when all of the laws of the People’s Republic of China were abolished. This, perhaps, was the pinpoint of the foundation of China’s new legal system. However, during the three decades under Mao Zedong, the dictator failed to establish a legal system. It wasn’t until the post-Mao era, under Deng Xiaoping, that the new economic reforms called for great changes in China, including the emergence of