Economic Sanctions And International Institutions With An Invaluable Instrument Of Coercion

There are many countries that the United States frequently traded with who are now under a set of economic sanctions today. The sanctions were designed to restrict a country to the resources of their country and their allies until they comply with specific request. The US-Cuban sanctions were suppose was supposed to be in place until democracy and human rights were restored in Cuba. One effect of the sanction resulted in Cuban citizens only being able to purchase vehicles made before 1958. Although this is a minor effect of sanction, can you imagine if you were only able to possess a microwave that was made before 1958?

Ever since the early days of the Cold War, extended deterrence has been one of the most important but challenging aspects of American strategy.

According to the journal article, How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence? The concept of deterrence is simple: “it is the omission of a criminal act because of the fear of sanctions or punishments. Deterrence is an important foundation of the criminal justice system. Law enforcement is there to apprehend those that break the law, and to convince the public that there is a risk of apprehension and punishment if they commit a crime.” “Laws provide a host of different sanctions for the commission of offenses such as: fines, probation, imprisonment, mandatory minimum sentences, the (three strikes) law, and others are all enacted with the expatiation that sanction threats can deter crime is at the heart of the criminal Justice system.” According to the journal article How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence? “There is an abundance of research about specific police, judicial, and correctional policies, as well as a more general theoretical work about deterrence mechanism, with the evidence to date, it is still flimsy.”

After the Second World War sanctions emerge as a major foreign policy instruments of the powerful nations. Globalization engendered the denunciation of the brute use of force as a primary method of international coercion. Cuba is one of the countries considered as a rogue state by the United States and its allies. The emergence of Cuba as a communist country in the western hemisphere in 1960, and the nationalization of a huge amount of US assets in Cuba by the then new regime led to the sanctions against Cuba. However, starting from the end of the 1980’s the Communist block begin falling apart. Cuba lost its international allies and became helpless both economically and politically in the international seen, and it is no longer a threat

The sanctions center around the country’s ballistic missile program has also claimed human rights abuses and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps(IRGC). The new law says the IRGC plays a large role in Iran’s international destabilization program, including terrorism and the ballistic missile program. The sanctions include the blocking property, exclusion from entering the US and pausing current transactions. However the Iranian government has accused the United States of Using the Sanctions to undermine the current nuclear deal. “President Trump has long criticized the agreement and vowed to pull the country out of it during his election campaign.”(CNN). Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Bahram Qasemi warned that “hostile” measures taken by the US would impact international relations and affairs.

The realities demonstrate that life in jail without the likelihood of parole (LWOP) is quick, serious, and certain discipline. Actually individuals sentenced to LWOP have been sentenced to kick the bucket in jail and that is the thing that happens: They bite the dust in jail of common causes, much the same as the dominant part of individuals sentenced to death. The distinctions: Sentencing individuals to death by execution is three times costlier than sentencing them to life in jail. What's more, on the off chance that we commit an error by sentencing a blameless individual to death, it can't be settled (American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, 2008). More than 41,000 individuals were serving sentences of

When we think of preventing crime, we usually think of the police punishing people with tickets, or even jail time—but what role does family and friends play in deterring a would-be criminal? In every society there are organizations that encourage its people to conform to rules and norms. These organizations are called sanctions, and can be formal or informal, positive or negative. Positive sanctions include incentives like awards, titles, or recognition by others in the community. Negative sanctions include the threat of prison/jail or other punishment. An example of informal sanctions may be verbal or non-verbal cues from others, including: shame, a frown, gossip, or criticism. Extreme cases of sanctions may include social discrimination and exclusion; while formal sanctions may include legal consequences. Social control is necessary for any society to function—sanctions allow us to predict what other people will do in any given situation. Granted, it is not a guarantee of behavior, but does make social life less stressful.

During the 1950’s, the United States and Fidel Castro worked together to overthrow the current Cuban government of Fulgencio Batista. The U.S supported Castro’s band of guerillas by “imposing the 1958 arms embargo” . After successfully overthrowing the government, Castro began his rule by seizing private land and taxed U.S exports so heavily that the “exports were cut in half” . Instead, Cuba traded with Switzerland even more, which caused the United States to seize all ties. The two countries only spoke through Switzerland as their middleman . Food, telephones and especially cars were hard to come by. The darkest moment came Kennedy learned of the secret Swiss missile bases in Cuba. The U.S. and Russia were locked in a faceoff: the Cuban Missile

To a certain extent this goal has been achieved. The sanctions have prevented Iraq from easily trading their goods in the world market. Thus, the sanctions have severely restricted cash flow and have not allowed Iraq to rebuild the military to the strength it once was. Iraq has been reduced to procuring weapons on the black market and building vehicles from scrap metal. In this sense, the economic sanctions were successful in preventing Iraq from rebuilding her military in order to wage conventional war.

Trade embargos have tremendous consequences for countries that are being embargoed. The embargos not only affect the country that are being embargoed, but the effect bleed over the borders to the surrounding countries. The list of countries that have been sanctioned by the United Nations included Russia, North Cyprus, and Cuba. United Nations sanctions that target countries affect the economy, the morale, and encourages criminal activities to obtain goods.

In Chapter 1 of the book A Pound of Flesh: Monetary Sanctions as punishment for the poor by Alexes Harris it deals with monetary sanctions or legal debt owed to the state. The problem is that the ones getting the most affected are the disenfranchised, the poor and minorities, in debt owed to the government. Harris stated that he will be making two arguments. One of them is stated,” First, monetary sanctions imposed by the criminal justice system create and sustain inequality in the United States” and the second is,” Second, the system of monetary sanctions is enforced by criminal justice bureaucrats whose discretion is shaped by a culture of accountability”. The author later describes how he will support those two arguments throughout the chapters

Both economic (sanctions) and military instruments have been previously used in past against adversaries in the region; however, should these be avoided now. There needs to be time allowed to build trust. Given the number of destabilized counties throughout the region, it is imperative that strategies are carefully thought out to avoid further strain on relations.

Economic sanctions are a viable method to isolate the government regime and force North Korea back into “denuclearization discussions” (Albert, 2017). In the past, sanctions have been used to hinder the economy in North Korea. In his article, Nolan (2010) describes the North Korean economy as poor and insecure in performance, so harming an unstable economy could put needed pressure on the North Korean government. The main problem with economic sanctions is the failure to enforce them. The reason for this is that the UN Security Council allows for each country to administer its own sanction and come up with its own terms, with no continuity across the board (Noland, 2010). This is what allows China to basically agree with the Council, but

United States policymakers employ economic sanctions not only to equalize trade and investment disputes, but also to

Some would say that the UN Sanctions Committee’s guidelines prescribe very loose standards of evidence for their Monitoring Groups. This is often followed with the claim that inconsistent standards of investigations and evidentiary standards can lead to poor harmonization and unfair sanctioning, which can even go so far as discrediting of the Sanctions Committees of the Security Council. While these claims may be true to some extent, the argument can be made that by comparing reports, Experts have already formed a degree of consensus in their evidentiary standards and due processes of investigations. The purpose of exemplifying the high burden of proof across the Panels of Experts without a common guidelines is to demonstrate that due