Name : Abdelmonem Lotfy Mohamed Kamal Position: Assistant Professor of Economics and Public Finance : Faculty of Economic Studies and Political Science : Beni Suef University : Egypt E-mail : alotfy@eps.bsu.edu.eg Mailing Address: (9/8) Alshatr (2) Mashroo Iskan Sherket Almaadi, Zahraa Almaadi, Cairo, Egypt “Testing the Relation between Government Spending and Private Consumption in Egypt” Introduction: During the period 2004 to 2015, Egyptian domestic demand has continued to be the main driving force for the Egyptian economy as a result for a package of instruments that constitutes fiscal expansion. The main pillar in this package of expansionary fiscal …show more content…
With regard to the relationship between government spending and private consumption, two opponent points of view can be found. The first one states that there is a relation of substitution between government spending and private consumption. However, the other one concludes that government spending and private consumption are complements. Therefore, it can be easily seen that it is a controversial issue for both economists and policy makers. According to the literature, several studies have been done to test the relationship between government spending and private consumption in the context of industrialized countries, OECD countries, and some Asian countries. Of course, Egypt was not one of these studied cases. Moreover, when a study was done to investigate this point of research in the context of a group of African countries (Anoruo 2005) that performed a panel data analysis for 24 countries; Unfortunately, Egypt was not included in this panel data analysis. As a result, there is a gap in the literature of testing the relationship between government spending and private consumption for Egypt. Consequently, this study aims to provide an answer to this important question; does government spending substitute or complement private consumption in Egypt? Literature Review: Surveying the literature of testing the relationship between government spending and private
In the first part of this paper, I will discuss the effect that the expansionary fiscal policy had on the Federal government and the impact on these changes the expansionary fiscal policy when it came to taxes and Government spending. Let’s start by talking about how taxes had to have necessary changes when it came to expansionary fiscal policy. You can think of taxes as being taxes that come from consumer spending, taxes on checks or even taxes on things you own. When thinking of what taxes affect the only
Taxation, the amount of money we pay every year and of course the government is a big spender has a lot of assets at its disposal to influence the economy. The government is a very large entity and controls a lot of money. Fiscal policy is more effective when trying to stimulate the economic growth rather than trying to slow down an economy that is overheating. The goal of fiscal policy is too accomplished by decreasing aggregate expenditures and aggregate demand through a decrease in government spending. Fiscal policy pros are; it can build up the operation electronic stabilizers. Well-timed fiscal stabilization together with automatic stabilizers can have an impact on the level of aggregate expenditure and activity in the economy. Fiscal policy can be picky by attempting specific category of the economy. For example, the government can be focused to concentrate education, housing, health or any specific industry area. Fiscal policy controls a spending tap. Fiscal policy can have a forceful effect if used in bankruptcy, because the government can open a spending tap to increase the level of aggregate
After various changes to the economic tax and interest rate, CPHP have conducted and compiled research into current public spending. The results show that there has been a dramatic reduction in the level of public spending in the UK.
The government solely protects the rights of the employees and consumers and offer of public goods. Government spending and expenditure are one way by which the government control market economies, with increased spending to increase cash flow in the economy, and increased expenditures to minimize cash flow in the economy. Such increases
Any person struggling through difficult times will seek out other means of financial support including borrowing money that may be harder to pay back in the future. The United States will often follow a similar path and spend more money than it earns. Deficit spending in the United States comes with some advantages, disadvantages, and strong criticism. Some feel deficit spending is good for getting the economy back in motion while others contend it does nothing for the economy. The effects of deficit spending are carefully examined to determine if the United States is improving or degrading the future of the economy.
Some people believe that physician assisted suicides are necessary. They are for it because it puts people out of their misery. That group of people would most likely come from the ones who wish to commit suicide upon themselves. They see it as a sign of relief for them, especially if they are suffering from any serious disease. Others could also want to do it because they are in deep depression. They also need help from a physician, which they believe would be more “safe” because they won't be physically hurting themselves. Also, some physicians believe that's the right thing to do because they are basically helping them get rid of the pain with drugs to commit suicide.
Governments are funded in one of two ways, through taxation and loans. The government has the ability to borrow large amounts of money. It is advantageous since the government can react quickly by borrowing through the use of treasury notes and bonds when there is not enough private sector spending. They may sometimes step in to boost the economy. This spending can infuse much needed cash into the economy to avert some of the repercussions of a depression. It is here that the government must be very cautious in how and where the money is spent, since all spending will not necessarily lead to a positive or profitable income in the future. Another way to boost the economy is through funds that are invested in businesses and programs that spark economic activity such as job creation, which creates wages, which improve the standard of living, generate
Aggregate spending refers to consumer purchases, business and housing investment, government purchases of goods and services and exports net of imports . This is the second way to add up GDP. The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to stimulate aggregate demand by expanding money supply and lowering interest rates, which increases households and firms’ desired spending. Expansionary fiscal policy uses changes in taxes and government spending to affect overall spending.
If our government didn’t spend anything would we have any type increase in our economy? I do not thing we would. Who would pay for the necessity things we need in order to thrive as a country. How would we keep up with our transportation system, invest in our future or keep us from totalitarianism? We have to have some type involvement from the government. I the 2016 election outcome came due to the fact that a lot of people felt like President Obama and his administration implicated too many policies that increase government spending. Such policies geared towards health care reform and income inequality. All in which increased taxes for each individual. I think a lot of people feel like the last eight years of government spending cost the tax payers a lot of unnecessary money. People were paying taxed for programs they didn’t support or agree with. “In fiscal year 2015, the federal government spent $3.7 trillion, amounting to 21 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). Of that $3.7 trillion, over $3.2 trillion was financed by federal revenues. The remaining amount ($438 billion) was financed by borrowing. As the chart below shows, three major areas of spending each make up about one-fifth of the budget” (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities). This article outlines the major areas of spending which are
The underlying truth of deficit spending is the same whether it is used in finance, economics or government that the more is spent, the less income is made (Buzzle, 2014). Many economists argue that deficit spending will hinder economic growth while others disagree. Deficit spending has been the topic of debate for a very long time. Deficit spending is “when government's expenditures exceed its revenues, causing or deepening a deficit. This excess spending needs to be financed through borrowing, likely from foreign governments. The increased government spending can help stimulate the economy as more money flows in, but the jump in borrowing can have an adverse effect of raising interest rates” (Investopedia, 2013). In simpler terms, deficit spending is when a governing body of a nation needs to borrow money from other nations due to the nation being in a recession. Governments borrowed against future revenues so that they are able to finance domestic welfare spending before the twentieth
The police play a vital role in today’s justice system; they are the heroes that catch armed banked robbers, stop kidnappings, and catch murderers that terrorize communities: or at least that is how they are portrayed. While police activities are much more mundane than the public may think, police are given total authority over the public to keep the streets safe. In Steven Lukes’ article, power, he gives a general definition of power as “the capacity to bring about outcomes” (Lukes 59), but that in actuality, a single definition for “power” is very controversial. Lukes gives synonyms such as “authority, influence, coercion, force, violence, manipulation, and strength” (Lukes 59), but chooses his words carefully to reveal the many
Increased spending on investment adds to aggregate demand and helps to restore normal levels of production and employment.Fiscal policy, on the other hand, can provide an additional tool to combat recessions and is particularly useful when the tools of monetary policy lose their effectiveness. When the government cuts taxes, it increases households’ disposable income, which encourages them to increase spending on consumption. When the government buys goods and services, it adds directly to aggregate demand. Moreover, these fiscal actions can have multiplier effects: Higher aggregate demand leads to higher incomes, which in turn induces additional consumer spending and further increases in aggregate demand.Traditional Keynesian analysis indicates that increases in government purchases are a more potent tool than decreases in taxes. When the government gives a dollar in tax cuts to a household, part of that dollar may be saved rather than spent. The part of the dollar that is saved does not contribute to the aggregate demand for goods and services. By contrast, when the government spends a dollar buying a good or service, that dollar immediately and fully adds to aggregate demand.
“There’s nothing new about cannabis, of course. It’s been around humankind pretty much forever. In Siberia charred seeds have been found inside burial mounds dating back to 3000 B.C. The Chinese were using cannabis as a medicine thousands of years ago. Marijuana is deeply American too—as American as George Washington, who grew hemp at Mount Vernon. For most of the country’s history, cannabis was legal, commonly found in tinctures and extracts” (Sides). This is how the national geographic article “Science Seeks To Unlock Marijuana’s Secrets” by Hampton Sides was opened. Very good opening sentences that provide a good idea of marijuana and a little history on it as well. There are many problems in todays society, but the argument of
The UAE 's economy is the most diversified in the Gulf and the wider region. There’s no income tax. The gross domestic product is 67,616 dollars US per capita. The country oil and gas reserves are among the richest in the world. Successful efforts at economic diversification have reduced the portion of GDP based on oil and gas output to twenty five percent with a plan to push it to zero within next fifty years (Renewable Energy Prospects: United Arab Emirates p. 30). Low prices of oil have prompted the UAE to take steps to reduce its spending on country wide social programs, including eliminating fuel subsidies in August 2015. The IMF recently praised the vision and fiscal policies adopted by the country that
In 2011, Egypt’s economy was disrupted by a revolution that resulted in the dethroning of its president. During this period of economic and political downturn Egypt’s economy grew