Economics At The University Of York

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a type of injury that is a critical public health and socio-economic problem. TBI is a leading cause of death and disability in both children and adults [5]. The Centers for Disease Control and

Concussions are a rising issue in the daily life of many athletes in the sports of hockey, soccer, football, and skateboarding. Every 21 seconds, someone in this country encounters a brain injury. Concussions are brain injuries caused by jolts or hard hits around the head. When the tissue of the brain slams against the strong, thick skull in your head, a concussion is very common. This leads to either swelling of the brain, “torn blood vessels, or injury to the nerves.” (Haas) Eventually, the result will be immediate, delayed, or even permanent loss of your own brain. In the next four paragraphs, I will describe to you how a concussion is important to you and others, what the world can do to stop this issue, and what you can do to prevent

There are a countless number of students in high school and college throughout all of the U.S. that participate in sports and physical activities. High school sports are a fun and enjoyable way for young adults to compete and play in an organized setting. Many of these sports involve a copious amount of risk for injury. There are preventative measures to a certain extent in most sports to limit the risk of injury as much as possible. There are an umpteen number of injuries that one can sustain during the participation of sports. One of these injuries that should be put on the radar is the concussion. Concussions and serious brain injuries

Concussions have been a recognized disease in sports for decades, but the severity of these injuries has been drastically understated. Many sports, are only now beginning to understand and take action to try and better comprehend and treat concussions, and how to care for those who have sustained them. MAny of the major sports in the country have sustained huge backlash due to their lack of attention, to what is now considered a major health crisis in the country. Steps have been taken to action against the growing numbers of concussions and the ways they are

In the United States it is estimated that there are about 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries per year. Despite this high number there also thousands of other head injuries that go unreported. Of all those people the age groups that are most likely to suffer from such injury are from 0 to 4 and from 15 to 19, the second group being High School students. Of these traumatic brain injuries the most common is a concussion. According to research the problem with these injuries is that if someone has already received one concussion, they are 1-2 times more likely to receive a second one. If they 've had two concussions, then a third is 2-4 times more likely, and if they 've had three concussions, then they are 3-9 times more likely to receive their fourth concussion. All these concussions sustained by one person can result in further problems and even death.

Concussions are becoming less of an issue due to better procedures and management. Many kids who are into contact sports will receive a concussion at some point in their career. This became a serious issue around the early 1990s and is now one of the most serious issues in today 's sports. The main concern is trying to know when kids are ready to get back onto the field. Coaches, doctors, and parents are getting worried about the safety of their kids and are skeptical about letting them continue in sports. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in children around the world and accounts for approximately half of all trauma deaths (Di et al. 2). Only about ninety-percent of traumatic brain injuries are considered mild injuries, but the effects from them are still severe. Traumatic brain injuries are any type of head injury such as concussions or even contusions. Most kids and their parents do not know the basic facts about traumatic brain injuries which is hurting them in the long run. However, doctors are aiming to improve diagnosis, treatments, outcomes in the long run, and trying to get adult familiar with the process so they can help their children as well.

Perhaps one of the least understood injuries is a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), otherwise known as a concussion. Over 1,000,000 concussions occur the United States every year (Majerske et al., 2008), and can be caused by any blow to the head. It is likely that many concussions do not go diagnosed. 300,000 of these concussion have been contributed to sports related injury (Majerske et al., 2008), making the study of sports related concussions in athletes the most important and easiest subjects to study.

With an average of 300,000 cases a year in the U.S alone, concussions have become a major topic in the athletic world. (Gessel et. al 2007) In the mid to late 1900’s many people were under the belief that a concussion was not that big of a deal and kids were rarely checked for an injury. It wasn’t until recent years that doctors actually researched concussions and realized that they were a big deal just like any other brain injury. The rise in concussions awareness has happened because of the lasting effects that numerous concussions can have on the brain. These effects can include an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's, and Dementia. Because of these new studies professional

Many private companies and researchers have taken the issue of concussions head on. Research has drastically increased throughout the 21st century. In the words of Mark Lovell PhD. founding director of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sports Medicine Concussion Program, “90% of what we know about concussions we’ve learned in the past five years.” These private researchers have taken different approaches to solving the issue but they are all working to achieve one goal: the reduction of concussions and the prevention of their long-term effects.

“From 2001 to 2009, the annual number of sports-related TBI emergency department visits in individuals age 19 and under climbed from 153,375 to 248,414, an increase of increase of 62 percent” (Lowrey and Morain 290). A Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) or Concussion in most cases is when there is a severe blow to the brain. Not all TBIs are the same and not all of them can be treated the same, but what they do have in common is that they changes lives negatively and should be address accordingly. Americans should give more attention to the issue of Traumatic Brain Injuries in sports because it takes more time than a regular injury for symptoms to reside, players usually do not come back the same, and could possibly lead other medical issues.

One of the principal problems for defining and diagnosing concussion, is that there is not a universally acceptable definition for concussion. In the article, the author refers to concussion as a “mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) that results in a temporary loss of neurologic function without apparent structural damage, and may or may not involve loss of consciousness (LOC)” (Mennella, 2016). Concussions are considered a great concern in healthcare because according to the Center for Diseases Control (CDC) it is estimated that there are 1.6 to 3.8 million sports-related concussions in the United States every year (CDC, 2017). And according to the article there is also around of 52,000 deaths every year (Mennella, 2016). Although it is estimated that the number of cases could be higher because researchers found that the lack of well-defined and accepted definition of concussion, can cause that many times concussion could be misdiagnosed. For this reason, it is extremely important that organizations work in finding a broadly accepted definition of concussion, in order to have a better and accurate estimate of the number of cases.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability among children, adolescents, and adults (Trudel, Scherer, & Elias, 2009, p.41). There are close to 1.4 million individuals a year who are treated with a TBI. Out of this 50,000 of them die. That is 1 out of every 28 people treated for a TBI dies every year. Another 6 out of 28 people are admitted into medical facilities for longer-term care. These number do not take in account the number of people each year with TBI’s who go untreated. However, TBI’s had received little to no support publicly or policy wise until recent years. This increase in attention was due to the increase in TBI’s among military personnel returning home from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Traumatic Brain injury, or TBI, is a common, yet extremely dangerous, type of injury. “In 2010, about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or deaths were associated with TBI—either alone or in combination with other injuries—in the United States” (CDC). Traumatic Brain injury is usually defined as a violent shaking that occurs within the brain and it often occurs when there is a direct hit to the head or body. TBI “can affect motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral functioning” (AOTA), making daily tasks challenging or ultimately somewhat impossible. TBI’s are commonly classified by severity of the injury; mild being “a brief change in mental status or consciousness” and severe meaning

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or intracranial injury, is a medical diagnosis which refers to closed or penetrative damage to the brain that is caused by an external source. Every year, TBIs affect approximately 150-250 people in a population of 100,000 (León-Carrión, Domínguez-Morales, Martín, & Murillo-Cabezas, 2005). The leading causes of TBI are traffic accidents, work injuries, sports injuries, and extreme violence (León-Carrión et al., 2005). TBI is most often fatal when the cause is an injury due to the use of firearms, a traffic accident, or a long fall (León-Carrión et al., 2005). However, fatality rates and rates of occurrence differ in various countries due to

The current research programs in the Centre for Health Economic at Monash University took my interest as the university is providing a wide range of research areas in the field of Health Economics. Furthermore, the researches are mainly centred on economic evaluation, health outcomes and performance in the health care system which help me to get a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of micro econometrics and other statistical methods, while focusing on Health Economics. In addition to my postgraduate experience, during my volunteer work at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Multiple Sclerosis Society of Western Australia, I have acquired experience in designing questionnaires in relation to ongoing health programs and analysed the surveys’ data focusing on pre-and post-health outcomes. All these academic and extracurricular activities enhance my interest in Health Economics and therefore I am willing to go for further studies to have a sound knowledge of in this specific field.