Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD: 1. Samenvatting Boek “Before the Industrial Revolution” M.Cipolla 2. Kleine samenvatting Boek “Arm en Rijk” D.Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges: Migratie & Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek “Before the Industrial Revolution” M.Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1: Demand (pages: 3 t/m 52) Spain census of population, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and not precise. Small societies. Not very large growth of population in 18th century. Low fertility or high mortality is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. (more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic …show more content…
Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services. Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/heating and other items provided tot servants by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent: 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an amount saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in England at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income. Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into investment. Hoarding: preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards
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Get Accesse. Workers: the workers were given less money when the prices of the goods decreased.
The poor suffered from disease, inhabited substandard housing, had a high rate of alcoholism, crime and fighting, and high unemployment, and experienced lack of government social services. The poor and urban workers were the people that worked more harshly and were exposed to more diseases.
how if one were to have enough silver for example, they would keep spending it
Families had to share a small home with many other families, or even complete strangers because many were too poor to afford their own homes. As a result, many diseases were spread, which accounted for many deaths. Most of the poor people lived in overcrowded and inadequate tenements. Sanitary actions were often non-existent. Many toilets were found outside the houses and solid waste was usually just thrown in a large pile near their homes.
The citizens of Florence were basically under house arrest. They never left their house because if they did they would have a chance of coming in contact with someone or something that has the plague. It became so bad that relatives of the sick were leaving in the middle of the night so they would not become sick as well. When their caregivers left them they were left stranded in bed with no food or drink to consume which escalated their chances of passing away. Since no one knew who had the disease no one communicated or interacted with each other, ever. 0This time period resembled the Great Depression in ways such as how there was major food shortages which caused the price of the food to soar, at a time when it was most crucial. During the plague people could not go out and “hang out” or do anything because everything was closed except the necessities. “All the shops were shut, taverns were closed; only the apothecaries and churches remained open.” (Doc
fixed rent, one that was far less than the amount of labour expected by French peasants, security
The entire arrangement of government was much different; more mobile and more flexible than ever. With less people working because most of them were dead, wages went up for workers. With less consumers, the prices dropped drastically. The socially classes were quite autonomous for the surviving middle class was now able to rise up on the social ladder and were able to acquire and assemble the abandoned land, businesses, and wealth of all who fell victim to the plague. Although the social and political aspects were faltering, the economic aspects were shining. For law, people were able to actually make sense of the new and less confusing order of law than what it was before the Bubonic Plague. In Arts, people make art and music depicting the horror that went on during the time and capturing the grotesque atrocities that happened during the plague and these people made big money off of tragedy. For trade, they got to accumulate more with the newfound abundance of money Italy had acquired. Economy was prospering while the Church was in shambles. In the church, the catastrophe ruined ossified orthodoxy, of which lead to people having questions, heresy (belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious doctrine, especially in Christianity), inventions, wars, and inevitably (with all the new and diverse differences withheld in Christianity) not one Christianity in society but many. We now see
In recent years, economists have demoted savings on the economic value chain. Keynesians view savings as detrimental to growth because the act removes money from circulation and decreases spending. Policy makers have made rules that reward spenders and reprimand savers.
dollar a day. Due to their low wages, peasants had barely enough money to feed
Overcrowded living conditions lead to pollution,illness and death. There was a lot of lead poisoning, because they had lead lined pipes aqueducts, eating utensils and dishware all covered in lead! Malaria, they didn't know about malaria and more broadly germs! And also there was the Bubonic Plague. Attila the Hun retreats from an attack on Rome to avoid malaria. In 262 CE thousands of people died each day from diseases.
Because of the high demand for workers brought by population shortages, peasant workers could manipulate their employers into paying higher wages. This alarmed European governments, as the English parliament lamented that “because a great part of the people and especially of the workmen and servants has now died in that pestilence, some, seeing the straights of the masters and the scarcity of servants, are not willing to serve unless they receive excessive wages” in its Statute of Laborers. The Statute of Laborers was designed to suppress the new control peasants had over their wages, exhibiting the weakening economic control of higher class Europeans over peasants during the plague. Peasants held their employers accountable when the demand for work grew, as they could threaten to leave for other work opportunities if wages didn’t rise. Overall, the new ability to manipulate employers into paying higher wages gave peasants more power in the workforce. Furthermore, while wages and prices rose together during the Black Death, wage-rates still “drifted” higher after the Black Death, meaning wages rose much higher than prices did. In England, prices even remained low while wages rose. This meant that the new high wages earned by peasants allowed them to afford more in markets, as prices for food and other necessities did not rise as
Wealthy ruling elite sought more wealth, personal glory, and political power. Thousands and thousands of farmers had a hard time looking for job as they had been replaced by the slaves. The people moving in the city were jobless, landless, and idle. There was inadequate food supply and people were hungry. Moreover, corruption was very rampant in the society.
Their wages were so low that it was rarely enough even though they worked long hours. Life style The life style of the poor children was simply. During the day they would start with a slice of bread in the morning and go straight to work. They spend most
Living standards as described by Blainey (2000) were bleak. Most people lived in one roomed, small stone houses, often with four or more sharing one bed. Homes often remained unheated due to scarcity of wood (Blainey 2000, p. 423). People were largely uneducated and knew little about healthcare. Sewerage was disposed of in the same rivers that were used to drink and wash from. These contaminated rivers were used to supply water to the growing crops. This had a huge impact on health, causing infection in around two out of every three people in rural areas (Blainey 2000, p. 415). Lack of hygiene and knowledge of healthcare led to shorter lifespans.
One major reason that an individual does not keep a personal budget would be the lack of knowledge on how to possess a